Trauma References

Abdominal Abscess

1. Stone HH, Mullins, RJ, Dunlop WE, Strom PR. Extraperitoneal Versus Transperitoneal Drainage of the Intra-abdominal Abscess. Surgery, Gynecol & Obstet 1981; 159: 549-52.
2. Hemming A, Davis NL, Robins RE. Surgical Versus Percutaneous Drainage of Intra-abdominal Abscesses. Am J Surg 1991; 161: 593-95.
3. Goins WA, Rodriguez A, Joshi M, Jacobs D. Intr-abdominal Abscess After Blunt Abdominal Trauma. Annals Surg 1990; 212(1): 60-5.
4. Fabian TC. Prevention of Infections Following Penetrating Abdominal Trauma. Am J Surg 1993; 165(2A): 14S-19.
5. Hau T, Ohmann C, Wolmershauser A, Wacha H, Yang Q. Planned Relaparotomy vs Relaparotomy on Demand in the Treatment of Intra-abdominal Infections. Arch Surg 1995; 131:1193-96

Abdominal Compartment Syndrome

1. Ivatury RR, Porter JM, Simon RJ, Islam S, John R, Stahl WM. Intr-abdominal Hypertension after Life-Threatening Penetrating Abdominal Trauma: Prophylaxis, Incidence, and Clinical Relevance to Gastric Mucosal pH and Abdominal Compartment Syndrome. J Trauma 1998;44(6):1016-23.
2. Richardson JD, Trinkle JK. Hemodynamic and Respiratory Alterations with Increased Intr-abdominal Pressure. J Surg Research 1976; 20:401-4.
3. Mayberry JC, Mullins RJ, Crass RA, Trunkey DD. Prevention of Abdominal Compartment Syndrome by Absorbable Mesh Prosthesis Closure. Arch Surg 1997; 132: 957-62.
4. Caldwell CB, Ricotta JJ. Changes in Visceral Blood Flow with Elevated Intra-abdominal Pressure. J Surg Research 1987; 43: 14-20.
5. Behrman SW, Bertken KA, Stefanacci HA, Parks SN. Breakdown of Intestinal Repair after Laparotomy for Trauma: Incidence, Risk Factors, and Strategies for Prevention. J Trauma 1998; 45(2): 227-33.
6. Morris JA, Eddy VA, Binman TA, Rutherford EJ, Sharp KW. The Staged Celiotomy for Trauma. Ann Surg 1993; 217 (5):576-86.

Acidosis

1. Kincaid EH, Miller PR, Meredith JW, Rahman N, Chang MC. Elevated Arterial Base Deficit in Trauma Patients: A Marker of Impaired Oxygen Utilization. J Am Coll Surg 1998; 187(4):384-92.
2. Gore DC, Jahoor F, Hibbert JM, DeMaria EJ. Lactic Acidosis During Sepsis Is Related to Increased Pyruvate Production, Not Deficits in Tissue Oxygen Availability. Ann Surg 1996; 224 (1): 97-102.
3. Davis JW, Kaups KL, Parks SN. Base Deficit Is Superior to pH in Evaluating Clearance of Acidosis after Traumatic Shock. J Trauma 1998; 44(1):114-18.
4. Ivatury RR, Simon RJ, Islam S, Fueg A, Rohman M, Stahl WM. A Prospective Randomized Study of End Points of Resuscitation After Major Trauma: Global Oxygen Transport Indices Versus Organ-Specific Gastric Mucosal pH. J Am Coll Surg 1996; 183: 145-54

Adrenal Trauma

1. Gomez RG, McAninch JW, Carroll PR. Adrenal Gland Trauma: Diagnosis and Management. J Trauma 1993; 35(6): 870-4
2. Wilms G, Marchal G, Baert A, Adisoejoso B, Mangkuwerdojo S. CT and Ultrasound Features of Post-Traumatic Adrenal Hemorrhage. J Comp Asst Tomography 1987; 11(1): 112-15.

Angiography for Aortic Rupture

1. Demetriades D, Theodorou D, Murray J, Asensio JA, Cornwell EE, Velmahos G, Belzberg H, Berne TV. Mortality and Prognostic Factors in Penetrating Injuries of the Aorta. J Trauma 1996; 40 (5): 761-63.
2. Feliciano DV. Arteriography of the Injured Extremity: Are We in Proximity to an Answer? J Trauma 1992; 32(5): 551-3.
3. Biffl WL, Moore EE, Offner PJ, Brega KE, Franciose RJ, Burch JM. Blunt Carotid Arterial Injuries: Implications of a New Grading Scale. J Trauma 1999; 45(5):845-53.
4. Flint LM, Richardson JD. Arterial Injuries with Lower Extremity Fracture. Surgery 1983; 93(1): 5-8.
5. Frykberg ER, Crump JM, Dennis JW, Vines FS, Alexander RH. Nonoperative observation of Clinically occult arterial injuries: A Prospective Evaluation. Surgery 1991; 109(1): 85-120.

Aortic Rupture

1. Camp PC, Shackford SR. Outcome After Blunt Traumatic Thoracic Aortic Laceration: Identification of a High-Risk Cohort. J Trauma 1997; 43(3): 413-22.
2. Pate JW, Fabian TC, Walker W. Traumatic Rupture of the Aortic Isthmus: An Emergency? World J Surg 1995; 19: 119-26.
3. Lee J, Harris JH, Duke JH, Williams JS. Noncorrelation Between Thoracic Skeletal Injuries and Acute Traumatic Aortic Tear. J Trauma 1997; 43(3): 400-4.
4. Demetriades D, Gomez H, Velmahos GC, Asensio JA, Murray J, Cornwell EE, Alo K, Berne TV. Routine Helical Computed Tomographic Evaluation of the Medistinum in High-Risk Blunt Trauma Patients. Arch Surg 1998; 133: 1084-88.
5. Saletta S, Lederman E, Fein S, Singh A, Kuehler DH, Fortune JB. Transesophageal Echocardiography for the Initial Evaluation of the Widened Mediastinum in Trauma Patients. J Trauma 1995; 39(1): 137-42.
6. Brasel KJ, Weigelt JA. Blunt Thoracic Aortic Trauma, A Cost-Utility Approach for Injury Detection. Arch Surg 1996; 131: 619-26.
7. Woodring JH, Fried AM, Hatfield DR, Stevens RK, Todd EP. Fractures of First and Second Ribs: Predictive Value for Arterial and Bronchial Injury. Am J Roentgenol 1982; 138: 211-15.

ARDS

1. Meduri GU, Headley AC, Golden E, Carson SJ, Umberger RA, Kelso T, Tolley EA. Effect of Prolonged Methylprednisolone Therapy in Unresolving Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. JAMA 1998; 280 (2): 159-65.
2. Mure M, Martling CR, Lindahl SG. Dramatic Effect on Oxygenation in Patients with Severe Acute Lung Insufficiency Treated in the Prone Position. Crit Care Med 1997; 25 (9): 1539-44.
3. Gattinoni L, Bombino M, Pelosi P, Lissoni A, Pesenti A, Fumagalli R, Tagliabue M. Lung Structure and Function in Different Stages of Severe Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome. JAMA 1994; 271 (22): 1772-79.
4. Mercat A, Graini L, Teboul JL, Lenique F, Richard C. Cardiorespiratory Effects of Pressure- Controlled Ventilation With and Without Inverse Ratio in the Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome. Chest 1993; 104(3): 871-75.
5. Gentilello LM, Anardi D, Mock C, Arreola-Risa C, Maier RV. Permissive Hypercapnia in Trauma Patients. J Trauma 1995; 39(5):846-53.

Blood Transfusion

1. Corwin H, Gettinger A, Rodriguez R, Pearl R, Gubler D, Enny C, Colton T, Corwin M. Efficacy of recombinant human erythropoietin in the critically ill patinet: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Crit Care Med 1999; 27(11):2346-2350.
2. Edna TH, Bjerkeset T. Association between blood transfusion and infection in injured patients. J Trauma 1992; 33(5):659-661).
3. Hebert P, Wells G, Blajchman M, Marshall J, Martin C, Pagliarello G, Tweeddale M, Schweitzer I, Yetisir E. A multicenter, randomized, controlled clinical trial of transfusion requirements in critical care. New England J Med 1999; 340(6):409-417.
4. Hebert P, Yetisir E, Martin C, Blajchman M, Wells G, Marshall J, Tweeddale M, Pagliarello G, Schweitzer I. Is a low transfusion treshold safe in critically ill patients with cardiovascular disease? Crit Care Med 2001; 29(2):227-233.
5. Zallen G, Offner P, Moore E, Blackwell J, Ciesla D, Gabriel J, Denny C, Silliman C. Age of Transfused Blood is an independent risk factor for postinjury multiple organ failure. Am J Surg 1999; 178:570-572.

Blunt Cardiac Trauma

1. Illig KA, Swierzewski MJ, Feliciano DV, Morton JH. A Rational Screening and Treatment Strategy Based on the Electrocardiogram Alone for Suspected Cardiac Contusion. Am J surg 1991; 162: 537-42.
2. Mattox KL, Flint LM, Carrico CJ, Grover F, Meredith J, Morris J, Rice C, Richardon D, Rodriguez A, Trunkey D. Blunt Cardiac Injury, Formerly Termed "Myocardial Contusion." J Trauma 1992; 33(5): 649-50.
3. Cachecho R, Grindlinger GA, Lee VW. The Clinical Significance of Myocardial Contusion. J Trauma 1992; 33(1): 68-73.
4. Adams JE, Davila-Roman VG, Bessey PQ, Blake DP, Ladenson JH, Jaffe AS. Improved Detection of Cardiac Contusion with Cardiac Troponin I. Am Heart J 1996; 131(2): 308-12.
5. Maron BJ, Poliac LC, Kaplan JA, Mueller FO. Blunt Impact to the Chest Leading to Sudden Death From Cardiac Arrest During Sports Activites. New Engl J Med 1995; 333(6): 337-42.
6. Wisner DH, Reed WH, Riddick RS. Suspected Myocardial Contusion, Triage and Indications for Monitoring. Ann Surg 1990; 212 (1): 82-6.

Cervical Spine

1. Shatney CH, Brunner RD, Nguyen TQ. The Safety of Orotracheal Intubation in Patients With Unstable Cervical Spine Fractures or High Spinal Cord Injury. Am J Surg 1995; 170: 676-8.
2. Bracken MB, Shepard MJ, Collins WF, et al. A Randomized, Controlled Trial of Methylprednisolone or Naloxone in The Treatment of Acute Spinal-Cord Injury. New Eng J Med 1990; 322(20): 1405-11.
3. Marion DW, Domeier R, Dunham CM, Luchette FA, Haid R, Erwood SC. Practice Management Guidelines for Identifying Cervical Spine Injuries Following Trauma: EAST Practice Parameter Workgroup for Cervical Spine Clearance. EAST 1998.
4. Gonzales RP, Fried PO, Bukhalo M, Holevar MR, Falimirski ME. Role of Clinical Examination in Screening for Blunt Cervical Spine Injury. J Am Coll Surg 1999; 189(2): 152-57.
5. Hoffman JR, Mower WR, Wolfson AB, Todd KH, Zucker MI. Validity of a Set of Clinical Criteria to Rule Out Injury to the Cervical Spine in Patients with Blunt Trauma. New Eng J Med 2000. 343(2): 94-9.

Colon

1. Gonzalez RP, Merlotti GJ, Holevar MR. Colostomy in Penetrating Colon Injury: Is it Necessary? J Trauma 1996; 41(2): 271-5.
2. Stewart RM, Fabian TC, Croce MA, Pritchard FE, Minard G, Kudsk KA. Is Resection With Primary Anastomosis Following Destructive Colon Wounds Always Safe? Am J Surg 1994; 168: 316-19.
3. Sasaki LS, Allaben RD, Golwala R, Mittal VK. Primary Repair of Colon Injuries: A Prospective Randomized Study. J Trauma 1995; 39(5): 895-901.
4. Velmahos GC, Degiannis E, Wells M, Souter I, Saadia R. Early Closure of Colostomies in Trauma Patients-A Prospective Randomized Trial. Surgery 1995; 118(5):815-20.
5. Cornwell EE, Valmahos GC, Berne TV, Murray JA, Chahwan S, Asensio J, Demetriades D. The Fate of Colonic Suture Lines in High-risk Trauma Patients: A prospective Analysis. Am Coll Surg 1998;187(1); 58-63.
6. Murray JA, Demetriades D, Colson M, et al. Colonic Resection in Trauma: Colostomy Versus Anastomosis. J Trauma 1999; 46(2): 250-4.
7. Luchette FA, Borzotta AP, Croce MA. Practice Management Guidelines for Prophylactic Antibiotic Use in Penetrating Abdominal Trauma: The EAST Practice Management Guidelines Work Group. J Trauma 2000; 48(3): 508-18.
8. Ross SE, Cobean RA, Hoyt RA, et al. Blunt Colonic Injury-A Multicenter Review. J Trauma 1992;33(3): 379-84.

Compartment Syndrome

1. Abassi Z, Hoffman A, Better O. Accute renal failure complicating muscle crush injury. Sem in Nephro 1998; 18(5): 558-565.
2. Bywaters E.G.L, Beall D. Crush injuries with impairment of renal function. Brit Med J 1941; March 22.
3. Reis N, Michaelson M. Crush injury to the lower limbs. J of Bone and Joint Surg 1986; 68(3):414-418.
4. Mubarak S, Owen C. Double-incision fasciotomy of the leg for decompression in comprtment syndromes. J of Bone and Joint Surg 1977; 59-A(2):184-187.
5. Oda J, Tamaka H, Yoshioka T, Iwai A, Yamamura H, Ishikawa K, Matsuoka T, Kuwagata Y, Hiraide A, Shimazu T, Sugimoto H. Analysis of 372 patients with crush sydrome caused by the Hanshin-Awaji earthquage. J of Trauma 1997; 42(3): 470-476.

Diaphragm Injury

1. Murray JA, Demetriades D, Asensio JA, et al. Occult Injuries to the Diaphragm: Prospective Evaluation of Laparoscopy in Penetrating Injuries to the Left Lower Chest. Am Coll Surg 1998; 187(6): 626-30.
2. Ochsner MG, Rozycki GS, Lucente F, Wherry DC, Champion HR. Prospective Evaluation of Thoracoscopy for Diagnosing Diaphragmatic Injury in Thoraccoabdominal Trauma: A Preliminary Report. J Trauma 1993; 34(7): 704-10.
3. Voeller GR, Reisser JR, Fabian TC, Kudsk K, Mangiante EC. Blunt Diaphragm Injuries-A Five Year Experience. J Trauma 1992; 32(1): 28-31.
4. Van Vugt AB, Schoots FJ. Acute Diaphragmatic Rupture Due to Blunt Trauma: A Retrospective Analysis. J Trauma 1989; 29(5): 683-6.

Dopamine

1. Day NPJ, Phu NH, Bethell DP, et al. The Effects of Dopamine and Adrenaline Infusions on Acid-Base Balance and Systemic Haemodynamics in Severe Infection. Lancet 1996; 348: 219-23.
2. Ruttimann Y, Chiolero R, Jequier E, et al. Effects of Dopamine on Total Oxygen Consumption and Oxygen Delivery in Health Men. Am J Physiology 1989; 257(4): E541-6.
3. Graves TA, Cioffi WG, Vaughan GM, Pratt L, Heironimus JD, et al. The Renal Effects of Low-Dose Dopamine in Thermally Injured Patients. J Trauma 1993; 35(1): 97-102.
4. Marik PE, Mohedin M. The Contrasting Effects of Dopamine and Norepinephrine on Systemic and Splanchnic Oxygen Utilization in Hyperdynamic Sepsis. JAMA 1994; 272(17): 1354-7.

Duodenal Trauma

1. Jewett TC, Calderola V, Karp MP, Allen JE, Cooney DR. Intramural Hematoma of the Duodenum. Arch Surg 1988; 123: 54-8.
2. Lucas CE, Ledgerwood AM. Factors Influencing Outcome After Blunt Duodenal Injury. J Trauma 1975; 15(10): 839-46.
3. Touloukian RJ. Protocol for the Nonoperative Treatment of Obstructing Intramural Duodenal Hematoma During Childhood. Am J Surg 1983; 145: 330-4.
4. Kashuk JL, Moore EE, Cogbill TH. Management of the Intermediate Severity Duodenal Injury. Surgery 1982; 92(4): 758-63.
5. Stone HH, Fabian TC. Management of Duodenal Wounds. J Trauma 1979; 19(5): 334-9.
6. Rasaretnam R, Thavendran A. Rupture of the Retroperitoneal Duodenum After Blunt Abdominal Trauma. Br J Surg 1974; 61: 893-5.
7. Fabian TC, Mangiante EC, Millis M. Duodenal Rupture Due to Blunt Trauma: A Problem in Diagnosis. South Med J 1984; 77(9): 1078-82.
8. Martin TD, Feliciano DV, Mattox KL, Jordan GL. Severe Duodenal Injuries-Treatment with Pyloric Exclusion and Gastrojejunostomy. Arch Surg 1983; 118: 631-5.

ED Thoracotomy

1. Branney S, Moore E, Feldhaus K, Wolfe R. Critical analysis of two decades of experience with postinjury emergency department thoracotomy in a regional trauma center. J Trauma 1998; 45(1): 87-95.
2. Rhee P, Acosta J, Bridgeman A, Wang D, Jordan M, Rich N. Survival after emergency department thoracotomy: review of published data from that past 25 years. J Am Coll Surg 2000; 190(3): 288-298.
3. Velmahos C, Degiannis E, Souter I, Allwood A, Saadia R. Outcome of a strict policy on emergency department thoracotomies. Arch Surg 1995; 130(7): 114-777.

Empyema

1. Striffeler H, Gugger M, et al. Video-Assisted Thorascopic Surgery for Fibrinopurulent Pleural Empyema in 67 Patients. Ann Thorac Surg 1998; 65: 319-23.
2. Wilson JM, Boren CH, Peterson SR, Thomas AN. Traumatic Hemothorax: Is decortication necessary? Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1979; 77(4): 489-95.
3. Villalba M, Lucas CE, Ledgerwood AM, Asfaw I. The Etiology of Post-traumatic Empyema and the Role of Decortication. J Trauma 1979; 19(6): 414-21.
4. Block EFJ, Kirton OC, Windsor J, Kestner M. Guided Percutaneous Drainage For Post-traumatic Empyema Thoracis. Surgery 1995; 117(3): 282-7.
5. Meyer DM, Jessen ME, Wait MA, Estrera AS. Early Evacuation of Traumatic Retained Hemothoraces Using Thoracoscopy: A Prospective, Randomized Trial. Ann Thorac Surg 1997; 64: 1396-401.
6. Velmahos GC, Demetriades D, Chan L, et al. Predicting the Need for Thoracoscopic Evacuation of Residual Traumatic Hemothorax: Chest Radiograph Is Insufficient. J Trauma 1999; 42(1) :65-70.
7. de Souza Almerindo, Offner PJ, Moore EE, Biffl WL, Haenel JB, Franciose RJ, Burch JM. Optimal Management of Complicated Empyema. Am J Surg 2000; 180: 507-11.

Femur Fracture

1. Reynolds MA, Richardson JD, Spain DA, et al. Is the Timing of Fracture Fixation Important for the Patient with Multiple Trauma? Ann Surg 1995; 222(4): 470-81.
2. Bulger EM, Smith DG, Maier RV, Jurkovich GJ. Fat Embolism Syndrome. Arch Surg 1997; 132: 435-9.
3. Crowl AC, Young JS, Kahler DM, et al. Occult Hypoperfusion is Associated with Increased morbidity in Patients Undergoing Early Femur Fracture Fixation. J Trauma 2000; 45(2): 260-7.
4. Duwelius PJ, Huckfeldt R, Mullins RJ, et al. The Effects of Femoral Intramedullary Reaming on Pulmonary Function in a Sheep Lung Model. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1997; 79-A(2): 194-202.
5. Christie J, Robinson CM, Pell ACH, McBirnie J, Burnett R. Transcardiac Echocardiography During Invasive Intramedullary Procedures. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1995; 77-B(3): 450-5.

Flail Chest

1. Voggenreiter G, Neudeck F, Aufmkolk M, et al. Operative Chest Wall Stabilization in Flail Chest-Outcomes of Patients With or Without Pulmonary Contusion. Am Coll Surg 1998;182(2):130-8.
2. Paris F, Tarazona V, Blasco E, et al. Surgical Stabilization of Traumatic Flail Chest. Thorax 1975; 30: 521.
3. Ahmed Z, Mohyuddin Z. Management of Flail Chest Injury: Internal Fixation versus Endotracheal Intubation and Ventilation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1995; 110(6): 1676-80.
4. Moore BP. Operative Stabilization of Nonpenetrating Chest Injuries. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1975; 70(4): 619-30.
5. Oyarzun JR, Bush AP, McCormich JR, Bolanowski PJP. Use of 3.5-mm Acetabular Reconstruction Plates for Internal Fixation of Flail Chest Injuries. Ann Thorac Surg 1998; 65: 1471-4.
6. Richardson JD, Adams L, Flint LM. Selective Management of Flail Chest and Pulmonary Contusion. J Trauma 1982: 481-7.

Head Trauma

1. Qureshi AI, Suarez JI, Bhardwaj A, et al. Use of Hypertonic (3%) saline/acetate infusion in the treatment of cerebral edema: Effect on intracranial pressure and lateral displacement of the brain. Crit Care Med 1998; 26(3): 440-6.
2. Jaicks RR, Cohn SM, Moller BA. Early Fracture Fixation May Be Deleterious After Head Injury. J Trauma 1997; 42(1): 1-6.
3. Fortune JB, Feustel PJ, Graca L, et al. Effect of Hyperventilation, Mannitol, and Ventriculostomy Drainage on Cerebral Blood Flow after Head Injury. J Trauma 1995;39(6):1091-9.
4. Hulka F, Mullins RJ, Frank EH. Blunt Brain Injury Activates the Coagulation Process. Arch Surg 1996; 131: 923-7.
5. Winchell RJ, Simons RK, Hoyt DB. Transient Systolic Hypotension. Arch Srg 1996; 131: 533-9.
6. Spain DA, McIlvoy LH, Fix SE, et al. Effect of a Clinical Pathway for Severe Traumatic Brain Injury on Resource Utilization. J Trauma 1998; 45(1): 101-5.
7. Bullock R, Stewart L, Rafferty C, Teasdale GM. Continuous Monitoring of Jugular Bulb Oxygen Saturation and the Effect of Drugs Acting on Cerebral Metabolism. Acta Neurochir 1993 (suppl); 59: 113-8.

Hematuria

1. Armenakas NA, Duckett CP, McAninch JW. Indications for Nonoperative Management of Renal Stab Wounds. J Urology 1999; 161: 768-71.
2. Kotkin L, Koch MO. Morbidity Associated with Nonoperative Management of Extraperitoneal Bladder Injuries. J Trauma 1995; 38(6): 895-8.
3. Corriere JN, Sandler CM. Management of the Ruptured Bladder: Seven Years of Experience with 111 Cases. J Trauma 1986; 26(9): 830-3.
4. Guice K, Oldham K, Eide B, Johansen K. Hematuria after Blunt Trauma: When is Pyelography Useful? J Trauma 1983; 23(4): 305-11.
5. Goldman SM, Sandler CM, Corriere JN, McGuire EJ. Blunt Urethal Trauma: A Unified, Anatomical Mechanical Classification. J Urology 1997; 154: 85-9.
6. Faringer PD, Mullins RJ, Feliciano PD, Duwelius PJ, Trunkey DD. Selective Fecal Diversion in Complex Open Pelvic Fractures From Blunt Trauma. Arch Surg 1994; 129: 958-64.

Hypothermia

1. Gentilello LM, Cobean RA, Offner PJ, Soderberg RW, Jurkovich GJ. Continuous Arteriovenous Rewardimg: Rapid Reversal of Hypothermia in Critically Ill Patients. J Trauma 1992; 32(3): 316-27.
2. Frank SM, Fleisher LE, Breslow MJ, et al. Perioperative Maintenance of Normothermia Reduces the Incidence of Morbid Cardiac Events. JAMA 1997; 277(14): 1127-66.
3. Walpoth BH, Walpoth-Aslan BN, Mattle HP, et al. Outcome of Survivors of Accidental Deep Hypothermia and Circulatory Arrest Treated with Extracorporeal Blood Warming. New Eng J Med 1997; 337(21): 1500-47.
4. Luna GK, Maier RV, Pavlin EG, et al. Incidence and Effect of Hypothermia in Seriously Injured Patients. J Trauma 1987; 27(9): 1014-8.

Laparoscopy

1. Fabian TC, Croce MA, Steward RM, et al. A Prospective Analysis of Diagnostic Laparoscopy in Trauma. Ann Surg 1993; 217(5): 557-65.
2. Ivatury RR, Simon RJ, Stahl WM. A Critical Evaluation of Laparoscopy in Penetrating Abdominal Trauma. J Trauma 1993; 34(6): 822-8.

Larynx

1. Fetterman BL, Shindo ML, Stanley RB, Armstrong WB, Rice DH. Management of Traumatic Hypophsryngeal Injuries. Laryngoscopy 1995; 105: 8-13.
2. Fuhrman GM, Stieg FH, Buerk CA. Blunt Laryngeal Trauma: Classification and Management Protocol. J Trauma 1990; 31(1): 87-92.
3. Minard G, Kudsk KA, Croce MA, Butts JA, Cicala RS, Fabian TC. Laryngotracheal Trauma. Am Surg 1992; 58: 181-7.
4. Anene O, Meert KL, Uy H, Simpson P, Sarnaik AP. Dexamethasone for the Prevention of Postextubation Airway Obstruction: A Prospective, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Crit Care Med 1996; 24(10): 1666-9.

Liver Trauma

1. Huguet C, Nordlinger B, Bloch P, et al. Tolerance of the Human Liver to Prolonged Normothermic Ischemia. Arch Surg 1978; 113: 1448-51.
2. Stone HH, Lamb JM. Use of Pedicled Omentum as an Autogenous Pack for Control of Hemorrhage in Major Injuries of the Liver. Am Coll Surg 1975; 141: 92-4.
3. Pringle JH. Notes of the Arrest of Hepatic Hemorrhage Due to Trauma. Ann Surg 1908; 48:541.
4. Man K, Fan ST, Ng IOL, et al. Tolerance of the Liver to Intermittent Pringle Maneuver in Hepatectomy for Liver Tumors. Arch Surg 1999; 134: 533-9.
5. Croce MA, Fabian TC, Menke PG, et al. Nonoperative Management of Blunt Hepatic Trauma is the Treatment of Choice for Hemodynamically Stable Patients-Results of a Prospective Trial. Ann Surg 1995; 221(6): 744-55.
6. Cue JI, Cryer G, Miller FB, et al. Packing and Planned Reexploration for Hepatic and Retroperitoneal Hemorrhage: Critical Refinements of a Useful Technique. J Trauma 1990; 30(8): 1007-13.
7. Pachter HL, Spencer FC, Hofstetter SR, Liang HG, Coppa GF. Significant Trends in the Treatment of Hepatic Trauma-Experience With 411 Injuries. Ann Surg 1992; 215(5): 492-501.
8. Carrillo EH, Spain DA, Miller FB, Richardson JD. Intrahepatic Vascular Clamping in Complex Hepatic Vein Injuries. J Trauma 1997; 43(1): 131-3.

Mangled Extremities

1. Bosse M, MacKenzie E, Kellam J, Burgess A, Webb L, Swiontkowski M, Sanders R, Jones A, McAndrew M, Patterson B, McCarthy M, Cyril J. A prospective evaluation of the clinical utility of the lower-extremity injury-severity scores. J Bone Joint Inj 2001; 83-A(1):3-14.
2. Durham R, Mistry B, Mazuski J, Shapiro M, Jacobs D. Outcome and utility of scoring systems in the management of the mangled extremity. Am J Surg 1996; 172: 569-574.
3. Johansen J, Daines M, Howey T, Helfet D, Hansen S. Objective criteria accurately predict amputation following lower extremity trauma. J Trauma 1990; 30(5): 568-573.

Missed Injury

1. Buduhan G, McRitchie D. Missed injuries in patients with multiple trauam. J of Trauma 2000; 49(4):600-605.
2. Houshian S, Larsen M, Holm C. Missed injuries in a level I trauma center. J of Trauam 2002; 52(4): 715-719.
3. Janjua KH, Sugrue M, Deane S. Prospective evaluation of early missed injuries and the role of tertiary trauma survey. J of Trauma 1998; 44(6): 1000-1007.

Necrotizing Infections

1. Patino JF, Castro D. Necrotizing Lesions of Soft Tissue: A Review. World J Surg 1991; 15: 235-9.
2. Elliott DC, Kufera JA, Myers RAM. Necrotizing Soft Tissue Infections-Risk Factors for Mortality and Strategies for Management. Ann Surg 1996; 224(5): 672-83.
3. Riseman JA, Zamboni WA, Curtis A, et al. Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy for Necrotizing Fasciitis Reduces Mortality and the Need for Debridements. Surgery 1990; 108(5) 847-50.

Necrotizing Pancreatitis

1. Bosscha K, Hulstaert PF, Hennipman A, et al. Fulminant Acute Pancreatitis and Infected Necrosis: Results of Open Management of the Abdomen and "Planne" Reoperations. J Am Coll Surg 1998; 187(3): 255-62.
2. Bradley, EL. A Fifteen Year Experience With Open Drainage For Infected Pancreatic Necrosis. Surgery 1993; 177(3): 215-22.
3. Sarr MG, Nagorney DM, Mucha P, Farnell MB, Johnson CD. Acute Necrotizing Pancreatitis: Management by planned, staged pancreatic necrosectomy/debridement and delayed primary wound closure over drains. Br J Surg 1991; 74: 576-81.
4. Ogilvie WH. The Late Complications of Abdominal War-Wounds. The Lancet 1940: 253-6.

Nutrition

1. Shaw JHF, Wolfe RR. An Integrated Analysis of Glucose, Fat, and Protein Metabolism in Severely Traumatized Patients. Ann Surg 1989; 209(1): 63-72.
2. Kudsk KA, Minard G, Wojtysiak SL, et al. Visceral Protein Response to Enteral Versus Parenteral Nutrition and Sepsis in Patients with Trauma. Surgery 1994; 116(3): 516-23.
3. Moore FA, Moore EE, Jones TN, et al. TEN Versus TPN Following Major Abdominal Trauma-Reduced Septic Morbidity. J Trauma 1989; 29(7): 916-22.
4. Simms HH, DeMaria E, McDonald L, et al. Role of Gastric Colonization in the Development of Pneumonia in Critical Ill Trauma Patients: Results of a Prospective Randomized Trial. J Trauma 1991; 31(4): 531-7.

Organ Donation

1. Daemen JWHC, Kootstra G, Wijnen RMH, Yin M, et al. Nonheart-Beating Donors: The Maastricht Experience. Clinical Transplants 1994; Chp 28: 303-16.
2. Battistella FD, Nugent W, Owings JT, Anderson JT. Field Triage of the Pulseless Trauma Patient. Arch Surg 1999; 134: 742-6.
3. Evanisko MJ, Beasley CL, Brigham LE, et al. Readiness of Critical Care Physicians and Nurses to Handle Requests for Organ Donation. Am J Crit Care 1998; 7(1): 4-12.
4. Garrison RN, Bentley FR, Raque GH, et al. There is an Answer to the Shortage of Organ Donors. Surgery 1991; 171: 391-6.
5. Wijdicks EFM. Determining Brain Death in Adults. Neurology 1995; 45: 1003-11.

Oxygen Delivery

1. Ely EW, Baker AM, Dunagan DP, et al. Effect on the Duration of Mechanical Ventilation of Identifying Patient Capable of Breating Spontaneously. New Eng J Med 1996; 335(25): 1864-8.
2. Brochard L, Rauss A, Benito S. Comparison of Three Methods of Gradual Withdrawal from Ventilatory Support During Weaning from Mechanical Ventilation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994; 150: 896-903.
3. Tahvanainen J, Salmenpera M, Nikki P. Extubation Criteria After Weaning from Intermittent Mandatory Ventilation and Continuous Positive Airway Pressure. Crit Care Med 1983;11(9):702-6.
4. Klemperer JD, Klein I, Gomez M, et al. Thyroid Hormone Treatment After Coronary-Artery Bypass Surgery. New Eng J Med 1995; 333(23): 1522-27.
5. Mullins RJ, Garrison RN. Fractional Change in Blood Volume Following Normal Saline Infusion in High-Risk Patients Before Noncardiac Surgery. Ann Surg 1989; 209(6): 651-61.
6. Fortune JB, Feustel PJ, Saifi J, et al. Influence of Hematocrit on Cardiopulmonary Function after Acute Hemorrhage. J Trauma 1987; 27(3): 243-9.
7. Dietrich KA, Conrad SA, Hebert CA, Levy GL, Romero MD. Cardiovascular and Metabolic Response to Red Blood Cell Transfusion in Critically Ill Volume-Resuscitated Nonsurgical Patients. Crit Care Med 1990; 18(9): 940-4.
8. McCormick M, Feustel PJ, Newell JC, Stratton HH, Fortune JB. Effect of Cardiac Index and Hematocrit Changes on Oxygen Consumption in Resuscitated Patients. J Surg Research 1988; 44: 499-505.
9. Robertson R, Eidt J, et al. Severe Acidosis Alone Does Not Predict Mortality in the Trauma Patient. Am J Surg 1995; 170: 691-5.
10. Leijten FSS, Weerd JEH, Poortvliet DCJ, Weerd AWD. The Role of Polyneuropathy in Motor Convalescence After Prolonged Mechanical Ventilation. JAMA 1995; 274(15): 1221-5.

Pancreatic Trauma

1. Stone HH, Fabian TC, Satiani B, Turkleson ML. Experiences in the Management of Pancreatic Trauma. J Trauma 1981; 21(4): 257-62.
2. Patton JH, Lyden SP, Croce MA, et al. Pancreatic Trauma: A Simplified Management Guideline. J Trauma 1997; 43(2): 234-41.
3. Howard TJ, Stonerock CE, Sarkar J, et al. Comtemporary Treatment Strategies for External Pancreatic Fistulas. Surgery 1998; 124(4): 627-33.
4. Feliciano DV, Martin TD, Cruse PA, et al. Management of Combined Pancreatoduodenal Injuries. Ann Surg 1987; 205(6): 673-80.

Pelvic Trauma

1. Cryer HM, Miller FB, Evers BM, Rouben LR, Seligson DL. Pelvic Fracture Classification: Correlation with Hemorrhage. J Trauma 1988; 28(7): 973-80.
2. Moreno C, Moore EE, Rosenberger A, Cleveland HC. Hemorrhage Associated with Major Pelvic Fracture: A Multispeciality Challenge. J Trauma 1986; 26(11): 987-93.
3. Faringer PD, Mullins RJ, Feliciano PD, Duwelius PJ, Trunkey DD. Selective Fecal Diversion in Complex Open Pelvic Fractures from Blunt Trauma. Arch Surg 1994; 129: 958-64.
4. Malangoni MA, Miller FB, Cryer HM, Mullins RJ, Richardson JD. The Management of Penetrating Pelvic Trauma. Am Surg 1990. 50(2): 61-5.
5. Allen CF, Goslar PW, Barry M, Christiansen T. Management Guidelines for Hypotensive Pelvic Fracture Patients. Am Surg 2000. 66(8): 735-8.
6. Malangoni MA, Miller FB, Cryer HM, Mullins RJ, Richardson JD. The Management of Penetrating Pelvic Trauma. Am surg 1990. 56(2): 61-5.
7. Woods RK, O'Keefe G, Rhee P, Routt MLC, Maier RV. Open Pelvic Fracture and Fecal Diversion. Arch Surg 1998; 133: 281-6.
8. Grimm MR, Vrahas MS, Thomas KA. Pressure-Volume Characteristics of the Intact and Disrupted Pelvic Retroperitoneum. J trauma 1998; 44(3): 454-9.

Penetrating Chest

1. Baker C, Thomas A, Trunkey D. The role of emergency room thoracotomy in trauma. J Trauma 1980; 20(10):848-855.
2. Miglietta M, Robb T, Eachempati S, Porter B, Cherry R, Brause J, Barie P. Current opinion regarding indications for enegency department thoracotomy. J Trauma 2001; 51(4): 670-676.
3. Oprah S, Mandal A. Penetrating stab wounds of the chest: experience with 200 consecutive cases. J Trauma 1976; 16(11): 868-872.
4. Richardson D, Flint L, Snow N, Gray L, Trinkle K. Management of transmediastinal gunshot wounds. Surgery 1981; 90(4): 672-676.
5. Siemens R, Polk H, Gray L, Fulton R. Indications for thoracotomy following penetrating thoracic injury. J Trauma 1977; 17(7): 493-500.
6. Vargo D, Battistella F. Abbreviated thoracotomy and temporary chest closure. Arch Surg 2001; 136: 21-24.
7. Vij D, Simoni E, Smith R, Obeid F, Horst M, Tomlanovich M, Enriquez E. Resuscitative thoracotomy for patients with traumatic injury. Surg 198?; 94(4): 554-559.

Penetrating Neck Injury

1. Meyer JP, Barrett JA, Schuler JJ, Flanigan P. Mandatory vs Selective Exploration for Penetrating Neck Trauma. Arch Surg 1987; 122: 592-7.
2. Back MR, Baumgartner FJ, Klein SR. Detection and Evaluation of Aerodigestive Tract Injuries Caused by Cervical and Transmediastinal Gunshot Wounds. J Trauma 1997; 42(4): 680-6.
3. Narrod JA, Moore EE. Selective Management of Penetrating Neck Injuries. Arch Surg 1984; 119: 574-8.
4. Sclafani SJA, Panetta T, Goldstein AS, et al. The Management of Arterial Injuries Caused by Penetration of Zone III of the Neck. J Trauma 1985; 25(9): 871-81.
5. Stanley RD, Armstrong WB, Fetterman BL, Shindo ML. Management of External Penetrating Injuries into the Hypopharyngeal-Cervical Esophageal Funnel. J Trauma 1997; 42(4):675-9.
6. Schaff HV, Brawley RK. Operative Management of Penetrating Vascular Injuries of the Thoracic Outlet. Surgery 1977; 82(2): 182-91.
7. Mansour MA, Moore EE, Moore FA, Whitehill TA. Validating the Selective Management of Penetrating Neck Wounds. Am J Surg 1991; 162: 517-21.

Penetrating Pelvic

1. Faringer P, Mullins R, Feliciano P, Duwelius P, Trunkey D. Selective fecal diversion in complex open pelvic fractures from blunt trauma. Arch Surg 1994; 129: 958-964.
2. Grimm M, Vrahas M, Thomas K. Pressure-volume characteristics of the intact and disrupted pelvic retroperitoneum. J Trauma:Inj, Inf Crit Care 1998; 44(3):454-459.
3. Malangoni M, Miller F, Cryer H, Mullins R, Richardson D. The management of penetrating pelvic trauma. Am Surg 1990; 56(2):61-65.
4. Moreno C, Moore E, Rosenberger A, Cleveland H. Hemorrhage associated with major pelvic fracture: a multispecialty challenge. J Trauma 1986; 26(11): 987-993.
5. Woods R, O'Keefe G, Rhee P, Routt C, Maier R. Open pelvic fracture and fecal diversion. Arch Surg 1998; 133: 281-286.

Percutaneous Tracheostomy

1. Hill, BB, Zweng TN, Maley RH, Charash WE, Toursarkissian B, Kearney PA. Percutaneous Dilational Tracheostomy: Report of 356 Cases. J Trauma 1996; 40(8): 238-44.
2. Marx WH, Ciaglia P, Graniero KD. Some Important Details in the Technique of Percutaneous Dilatational Tracheostomy via the Modified Seldinger Technique. CHEST 1996; 110(3): 762-6.
3. Dulguerov P, Gysin C, Pernegar TV, Chevrolet JC. Percutaneous or Surgical Tracheostomy: A meta-analysis. Crit Care Med 1999; 27(8): 1617-25.
4. Bowen CPR, Whitney LR, Truwit JD, Durbin CG, Moore MM. Comparison of Safety and Cost of Percutaneous Versus Surgical Tracheostomy. Am Surg 2001. 67: 54-60.
5. Reilly RM, Anderson HL, Sing RF, Schwab W, Bartlett RH. Occult Hypercabia-An Unrecognized Phenomenon during Percutaneous Endoscopic Tracheostomy. CHEST; 107(6): 1760-63.

Pericardial Window

1. Duncan AO, Scalea TM, Sclafani SJA, et al. Evaluation of Occult Cardiac Injuries Using Subxiphoid Pericardial Window. J Trauma 1989' 29(7): 955-60.
2. Miller FB, Bond SJ, Shumate CR, Polk HC, Richardson JD. Diagnostic Pericardial Window-A Safe Alternative to Exploratory Thoracotomy for Suspected Heart Injuries. Arch Surg 1987; 122: 605-10.
3. Arom KV, Richardson JD, Webb G, Grover FL, Trinkle JK. Subxiphoid Pericardial Window in Patients with Suspected Traumatic Pericardial Tamponade. Ann Thorac Surg 1977; 23(6): 545-9.
4. Moreno C, Moore EE, Majure JA, Hopeman AR. Pericardial Tamponade: A Critical Determinant for Survival Following Penetrating Cardiac Wounds. J Trauma 1986; 26(9): 821-5.

Polyvalent Pneumococcal Vaccine

1. Caplan ES, Boltansky H, Snyder MJ, Rooney J, Hoyt NJ, Schiffman G, Cowley RA. Response of Traumatized Splenectomized Patients to Immediate Vaccination with Polyvalent Pneumococcal Vaccine. J Traunma 1983; 23(9): 801-5.
2. shatz DV, Schinsky MF, Pais LB, Romero-Steiner S, Kirton OC, Carlone GM. Immune Responses of Splenectomized Trauma Patients to the 23-Valent Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Vaccine at 1 versus 7 versus 14 Days after Splenectomy. J Trauma 1998; 44(5): 760-6.
3. Butler JC, Breiman RF, Campbell JF, Lipman HB, Broome CV, Facklam RR. Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Vaccine Efficacy. JAMA 1993; 270(15): 1826-31.
4. Rutherford EJ, Livengood J, Higginbotham M, Miles WS, Koestner J, Edwards KM, Sharp KW, Morris JA. Efficacy and Safety of Pneumococcal Revaccination after Splenectomy for Trauma. J Trauma 1995; 39(3): 448-52.
5. Ammann AJ, Addiego J, Wara DW, Lubin B, Smith WB, Mentzer WC. Polyvalent Pneumococcal-Polysaccharide Immunization of Patients with Sickle-Cell Anemia and Patients with Splenectomy. New Eng J Med 1977; 297(17): 897-900.

Pregnant Trauma Patients

1. Esposito TJ, Gens DR, Smith LG, Scorpio R. Evaluation of Blunt Abdominal Trauma Occursing During Pregnancy. J Trauma 1989; 29(12): 1628-32.
2. Pearlman MD, Tintinalli JE, Lorenz RP. A Prospective Controlled Study of Outcome After Trauma During Pregnancy. AM J Obstet Gynecol 1990; 162(6): 1502-10.
3. Goodwin TM, Breen MT. Pregnancy Outcomeand Fetomaternal Hemorrhage After Noncatastrophic Trauma. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1990: 665-71.
4. Drost TF, Rosemurgy AS, Sherman HF, Scott LM, Williams JK. Major Trauma in Pregnant Women: Maternal/Fetal Outcome. J Trauma 1990; 30: 574-8.
5. Towery R, English TP, Wisner D. Evaluation of Pregnant Women After Blunt Injury. J Trauma 1993; 35(5): 731-6.
6. Ma OJ, Mateer JR, DeBehnke DJ. Use of Ultrasonography for the Evaluation of Pregnant Trauma Patients. J Trauma 1996; 40(4): 665-8.

Pulmonary Artery Catheter

1. Connors A, Speroff T, Dawsom N, Thomas C, Harrell F, Wagner D, Desbiens N, Goldman L, Wu A, Califf R, Fulkerson W, Vidaillet H, Broste S, Bellamy P, Lynn J, Knaus W. The effectiveness of right heart catheterization in initial care of critical III patients. JAMA 1996; 276(11): 889-897.
2. Gattinoni L, Brazzi L, Pelosi P, Latini R, Tognoni G, Pesenti A, Fumagalli R. A trial of goal-oriented hemodynamic therapy in critically ill patients. New Eng J of Med 1995; 333(16): 1025-1032.
3. Mimoz O, Rauss A, Rekik N, Brun-Buisson C, Lemaire F, Brochard L. Pulmonary artery catheterization in critically ill patients: A prospective analysis of outcome changes associated with catheter- prompted changes in therapy. Crit Care Med 1994; 22(4): 573-579.
4. Iberti T, Fischer E, Leibowitz A, Panacek E, Silverstein J, Albertson T. A multicenter study of physicians' knowledge of the pulmonary artery catheter. JAMA 1990; 264(22): 2928-2932.
5. Schultz R, Whitfield G, Lamura J, Raciti A, Krishnamurthy S. The role of physiologic monitoring in patients with fractures of the hip. J of Trauma 1985; 25(4): 309-315.
6. Shoemaker W, Appel P, Kram H, Waxman K, Lee TS. Prospective trial of superanormal values of survivors as therapeutic goals in high-risk surgical patients. Chest 1988; 94(6):1176-1186.
7. Pulmonary Artery Catheter Consensus Conference Participants. Pulmonary artery catheter consensus conference:consensus statement. Crit Care Med 1997; 25(6): 910-924.

Pulmonary Contusion

1. Kollmorgen DR, Murray KA, Sullivan JJ, Mone MC, Barton RG. Predictors of Mortality in Pulmonary Contusion. Am J surg 1994; 168: 659-64.
2. Hoff SJ, Shotts SD, Eddy VA, Morris JA. Outcome of Isolated Pulmonary Contusion in Blunt Trauma Patients. Am surg 1994; 60(2): 138-42.
3. Charash WE, Fabian TC, Croce MA. Delayed Surgical Fixation of Femur Fractures is a Risk Factor for Pulmonary Failure Independent of Thoracic Trauma. J Trauma 1994; 37(4): 667-72.
4. Kate R, Horinouchi H, Maenaka Y. Traumatic Pulmonary Pseudocyst. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1989; 97: 309-12.
5. Shirakusa T, Araki Y, Tsutsui M, Motonaga R, Iwanaga M, Ogami H, Matsuba K. Traumatic Lung Pseudocyst. Thorax 1987; 42: 516-9.
6. Blane CE, White SJ, Wesley JR, Coran AG. Immediate Traumatic Pulmonary Pseudocyst Formation in Children. Surgery 1981; 90(5): 872-5.
7. Miller RS, Nelson LD, DiRusso SM, Rutherford EJ, Safcsak K, Morris JA. High-level Positive End-Expiratory Pressure Management in Trauma-Associated Adult Respiratory Disress Syndrome. J Trauma 1992; 33(2): 284-91.
8. Moore FA, Moore EE, Haenel JB, Waring BJ, Parsons PE. Post-Traumatic Pulmonary Pseudocyst in the Adult: Pathophysiology, Recognition, and Selective Management. J Trauma 1989; 29(10): 1380-5.
9. Johnson JA, Cigbill TB, Winga ER. Determinants of Outcome After Pulmonary Contusion. J Trauma 1986; 26(8): 695-7.
10. McIntyre RC, Haenel JB, Moore FA, Read RR, Burch JM, Moore EE. Cardiopulmonary Effects of Permissive Hypercapnia in the Management of Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome. J Trauma 1994; 37(3): 433-8.
11. Simon RJ, Mawilmada S, Ivatury RR. Hypercapnia: Is there a cause for concern? J Trauma 1994; 37(1): 74-81.
12. Gentilello LM, Anardi D, Mock C, Arreola-Risa C, Maier RV. Permissive Hypercapnia in Trauma Patients. J Trauma 1995; 39(5): 846-53.

Pulmonary Embolism Prevention

1. Geerts WH, Jay RM, Code KI, Chen E, Szalai JP, saibil EA, Hamilton PA. A Comparison of Low-Dose Heparin with Low-Molecular Weight Heparin as Prophylaxis Against Venous Thromboembolism After Major Trauma. New Eng J Med 1996; 335(10): 701-7.
2. Spain DA, Richardson JD, Polk HC, Bergamini TM, Wilson MA, Miller FB. Venous Thromboembolism in the High-Risk Trauma Patient: Do Risks Justify Aggressive Screening and Prophylaxis? J Trauma 1997; 42(3): 463-9.
3. Geerts WH, Code KI, Jay RM, Chen E, Szalai JP. A Prospective Study of Venous Thromboembolism After Major Trauma. New Eng J Med 1994; 331(24): 1601-6.
4. Patton JH, Fabian TC, Croce MA, Minard G, Pritchard FE, Kudsk KA. Prophylactic Greenfield Filters: Acute Complications and Long-Term Follow-up. J Trauma 1996; 41(2): 231-7.
5. Rogers FB, Shackford SR, Ricci MA, Wilson JT, Parsons S. Routine Prophylactic Vena Cava Filter Insertion in Severely Injured Trauma Patients Decreases The Incidence of Pulmonary Embolism. J Am Coll surg 1995; 180(6): 641-7.
6. McMurtry AL, Owings JT, Anderson JT, Battistella FD, Gosselin R. Increased Use of Prophylactic Vena Cava Filters in Trauma Patients Failed to Decrease Overall Incidence of Pulmonary Embolism. J Am Coll Surg 1999; 189(3): 314-20.
7. Rodriguez JL, Lopez JM, Proctor MC, Conley JL, Gerndt SJ, Marx MV, Taheri PA, Greenfield LJ. Early Placement of Prophylactic Vena Caval Filters in Injured Patients at High Risk for Pulmonary Embolism. J Trauma 1996; 40(5): 797-802.
8. Passman MA, Moneta GL, Taylor LM, Edwards JM, Yeager RA, McConnell DB, Porter JM. Pulmonary Embolism is Associated with the Combination of Isolated Calf Vein Thrombosis and Respiratory Symptoms. J Vasc Surg 1997; 25(1): 39-45.
9. Knudson MM, Morabito D, Paiement GD, Shackleford S. Use of Low Molecular Weight Heparin in Preventing Thromboembolism in Trauma Patients. J Trauma 1996; 41(3): 446-59.

Renal Trauma

1. Haas CA, Dinchman KH, Nasrallah PF, Spirnak JP. Traumatic Renal Artery Occlusion: A 15-Year Review. J Trauma 1998; 45(3): 557-61.
2. Holcroft JW, Trunkey DD, Minagi H, Korobkin MT, Lim RC. Renal Trauma and Retroperitoneal Hematomas- Indications for Exploration. J Trauma 1975; 15(12): 1042-52.
3. Cheng DL, Lazan D, Stone N. Conservative Treatment of Type III Renal Trauma. J Trauma 1994; 36(4): 491-4.
4. Knudson MM, Harrison PB, Hoyt DB, Shatz DV, Zietlow SP, Bergstein JM, Mario LA, McAninch JW. Outcome after Major Renovascular Injuries: A Western Trauma Association Multicenter Report. J Trauma 2000; 49(6): 1116-22.
5. Mee SL, McAninch JW, Robinson AL, Auerbach PS, Carroll PR. Radiographic Assessment of Renal Trauma: A 10-Year Prospective Study of Patient Selection. J Trauma 1989; 141: 1095-8.
6. Atala A, Miller FB, Richardson JD, Bauer B, Harty J, Amin M. Preliminary Vascular Control for Renal Trauma. Surgery 1991; 172:386-90.

Rewarming

1. Vretenar DF, Urschel JD, Parrott JCW, Unruh HW. Cardiopulmonary Bypass Resuscitation for Accidental Hypothermia. Ann Thorac Surg 1994; 58: 895-8.
2. Gentilello LM. Advances in the Management of Hypothermia. Surg Clinics N Am 1995; 75(2): 243-55.
3. Frank SM, Fleisher LA, Breslow MJ, Higgins MS, Olson KF, Kelly S, Beattle C. Perioperative Maintenance of Normothermia Reduces the Incidence of Morbid Cardiac Events. JAMA 1997; 277(14): 1127-34.
4. Johnston TD, Chen Y, Reed RL. Functional Equivalence of Hypothermia to Specific Clotting Factor Deficiencies. J Trauma 1994; 37(3): 413-7.
5. Frank SM, Higgins MS, Fleisher LA, Sitzmann JV, Raff H, Breslow MJ. Adrenergic, Respiratory, and Cardiovascular Effects of Core Cooling in Humans. AJ Physiology 1997; 272 (2): R557-62.
6. Kurz A, Sessler DI, Lenhardt R. Perioperative Normothermia to Reduce the Incidence of Surgical Wound Infection and Shorten Hospitalization. JAMA 1996; 334(19): 1209-15.

Spinal Cord Injury

1. Bracken MB, Shepard MJ, Collins WF, et al. A Randomized, Controlled Trial of Methylprednisolone of Naloxone in the Treatment of Acute Spinal-Cord Injury. New Eng J Med 1990; 322(20): 1405-11.
2. Bracken MB, Shepard MJ, Collins WF, et al. Methylprednisolone or Naloxone Treatment After Acute Spinal Cord Injury: 1-year follow-up data. J Neurosurg 1992; 76: 23-31.
3. Bracken MB, Shepard MJ, Holford TR. Administration of Methylprednisolone for 24 or 48 hours or Tirilazad Mesylate for 48 Hours in the Treatment of Acute Spinal Cord Injury. JAMA 1997; 277(20): 1597-1604.

Spleen

1. Cocanour CS, Moore FA, Ware DN, Marvin RG, Clark JM, Duke JH. Delayed Complications of Nonoperative Management of Blunt Adult Splenic Trauma. Arch Surg 1998; 133: 619-25.
2. Becker CD, Spring P, Glattli A, Schweizer W. Blunt Splenic Trauma in Adults: Can CT Findings be Used to Determine the Need for Surgery? AJR 1994; 162: 343-7.
3. Traub A, Giebink GS, Smith C, et al. Splenic Reticuloendothelial Function after Splenectomy, Spleen Repair, and Spleen Autotransplantation. New Eng J Med 1987;317(25):1559-64.
4. Leemans R, Manson W, Snijder JAM. Immune Response Capacity After Human Splenic Autotransplantation. Ann Surg 1999; 229(2): 279-85.
5. Pickhardt B, Moore EE, Moore FA, McCroskey BL, Moore GE. Operative Splenic Salvage in Adults: A Decade Perspective. J Trauma 1989; 29(10): 1386-91.

Stab Wounds

1. Boyle EM, Maier RV, Salazar JD, et al. Diagnosis of Injuries After Stab Wounds to the Back and Flank. J Trauma 1997; 42(2): 260-5.
2. Nagy K, Roberts R, Joseph K, An G, Barrett J. Evisceration After Abdominal Stab Wounds: Is Laparotomy Required? J Trauma 1999; 47(4): 622-6.
3. Ivatury RR, Simon RJ, Stahl WM. A Critical Evaluation of Laparoscopy in Penetrating Abdominal Trauma. J Trauma 1993; 34(6): 822-8.
4. Ordog GJ, Wasserberger J, Balasubramanium S, Shoemaker W. Asymptomatic Stab Wounds of the Chest. J Trauma 1994; 36(5): 680-4.
5. Thal ER. Peritoneal Lavage. Arch Surg 1984; 119: 579-84.
6. Oreskovich MR, Carrico CJ. Stab Wounds of the Anterior Abdomen. Ann Surg 1983; 198(4): 411-19.

Tube Feedings

1. Moore FA, Moore EE, Jones TN, McCroskey BL, Peterson VM. TEN versus TPN Following Major Abdominal Trauma- Reduced Septic Morbidity. J Trauma 1989; 29(7): 916-23.
2. Scaife CL, Saffle JR, Morris, SE. Intestinal Obstruction Secondary to Enteral Feedings in Burn Trauma Patients. J Trauma 1999; 47(5): 859-63.
3. Battistella FD, Widergren JT, Anderson JT, Siepler JK, Weber JC, MacColl K. A Prospective, Randomized Trial of Intravenous Fat Emulsion Administration in Trauma Victims Requiring Total Parenteral Nutrition. J Trauma 1997; 43(1):52-60.
4. Spapen HD, Duinslaeger L, Diltoer M, et al. Gastric Emptying in Critically Ill Patients is Accelerated by Adding Cisapride to a Standard Enteral Feeding Protocol: Results of a Prospective, Randomized, Controlled Trial. Crit Care Med 1995; 23(3): 481-5.
5. Moore FA, Moore EE, Kudsk KA, Brown RO, Bower RH, et al. Clinical Benefits of an Immune-Enhancing Diet for Early Postinjury Enteral Feeding. J Trauma 1994; 37(4): 607-15.
6. Kudsk KA, Croce MA, Fabian TC. Enteral Versus Parenteral Feeding. Ann Surg 1992; 215(5): 503-13.
7. Kudsk KA, Minard G, Wojtysiak SL, et al. Visceral Protein Response to Enteral Versus Parenteral Nutrition and Sepsis in Patients with Trauma. Surgery 1994; 116(3): 516-23.

Vascular Angiography

1. Fry WR, Fry RE, Fry WJ. Operative Exposure of the Abdominal Arteries for Trauma. Arch Surg 1991; 126: 289-91.
2. Rose SC, Moore EE. Trauma Angiography: The Use of Clinical Findings to Improve Patient Selection and Case and Case Preparation. J Trauma 1988; 28(2): 240-5.
3. Frykberg ER, Crump JM, et al. A Reassessment of the Role of Arteriography in Penetrating Proximity Extremity Trauma: A Prospectve Study. J Trauma 1989; 29(8): 1041-52.
4. Anderson RJ, Hobson RW, Lee BC. et al. Reduced Dependency on Arteriography for Penetrating Extremity Trauma: Influence of Wound Location and Noninvasive Vascular Studies. J Trauma 1990; 30(9): 1059-65.
5. Johansen K, Lynch K, Paun M, Copass M. Non-Invasive Vascular Tests Reliably Exclude Occult Arterial Trauma in Injured Extremities. J Trauma 1991; 31(4): 515-22.

Venous Access and Catheters

1. Tan BK, Hong SW, Huang MHS, et al. Anatomic Bassis of Safe Percutaneous Subclavian Venous Catheterization. J Trauma 2000; 48(1): 82-6.
2. Cobb DK, High KP, Sawyer RG, et al. A Controlled Trial of Scheduled Replacement of Central Venous and Pulmonary-Artery Catheters. New Eng J Med 1992; 327(15): 1062-7.
3. Getzen LC, Pollak EW. Short-Term Femoral Vein Catheterization. Am J Surg 1979; 138(6): 875-8.
4. Lee RB, Buckner M, Sharp KW. Do Multi-Lumen Catheters Increase Central Venous Catheter Sepsis Compared to Single-Lumen Catheters? J Trauma 1988; 28(10): 1472-5.
5. Meredith JW, Young JS, O'Neil EA, Snow DC, Hansen KJ. Femoral Catheters and Deep Venous Thrombosis: A Prospective Evaluation with Venous Duplex Sonography. J Trauma 1993; 35(2): 187-91.
6. Williams JF, Seneff MG, Friedman BC, et al. Use of Femoral Venous Catheters in Critically Ill Adults: Prospective Study. Crit Care Med 1991; 19(4): 550-3.

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