The purpose of this seminar is to examine the etiology and treatment of internal and external resorptive defects.

SPECIFIC LEARNING OBJECTIVES: upon completion of this seminar the student will be able to:

1. Describe the various etiologies implicated in the onset of resorptive defects.
2. Identify cell types and tissues involved in the resorptive process.
3. Name and describe the various types of resorption.
4. Clinically differentiate the types of resorption.
5. Describe various treatment modalities for the different types of resorption.

TEXT REFERENCE: Levin L, Trope M. Root Resorption. The Dental Pulp  Hargraves & Goodis ed. Quentessence 2002. p 425-445.

            1954
*Massler M, Malone AJ.  Root resorption in human permanent teeth.
            Amer J Orthod 40:619-633. 1954.

            1963
*Toto PD, Restarski JS.  The histogenesis of pulpal odontoclasts. 
            Oral Surg 16:172-178. 1963.

1976
            *Gartner AH, Mack T, Somerlott RG, Walsh LC.  Differential diagnosis of                   internal and external root resorption.  J Endodon 2:329-334. 1976.

1984
            *Kaffe I, Tamse A, Littner MM, Schwartz I.  A radiographic survey of apical root     resorption in pulpless permanent teeth.  Oral Surg 58:109-112. 1984.

            1985
            Wedenburg C, Lindskog S.  Experimental internal resorption in monkey                                    teeth.  Endod Dent Traumatol 1:221-227. 1985.

1987
            *Wedenberg C, Zetterqvist L.  Internal resorption in human teeth - a histological, scanning electron microscopic and enzyme histochemical study. J Endodon 13:255-259. 1987.

1991
            *Rotstein I, Friedman S, Mor C, Katznelson J, Sommer M, Bab I.  Histological characterization of bleaching induced external root resorption in dogs. J Endodon
17:436-441. 1991.
           
1995
            *Trope M, Moshonov J, Nissan R, Buxt P, Yesiloy C. Short vs long term calcium
            hydroxide treatment of established inflammatory root resorption in replanted
            dog teeth. Endod Dent Traumatol 11:124-128. 1995.
           
            1996
            *Maleug LA, Wilcox LR, Johnson W.  Examination of external apical root                                resorption with scanning electron microscopy.  Oral Surg 82:89-93. 1996.

            *Wiebkin OW, Cardaci SC, Heithersay GS, Pierce AM.  Therapeutic delivery of calcitonin to inhibit external inflammatory root resorption. Endod Dent Traumatol 12:265-271. 1996.

            1998
            *Frank AL, Torabinejad M. Diagnosis and treatment of extracanal invasive resorption. J Endodon 24:500-504. 1998.

            1999
            *Ne RF, Witherspoon DE, Gutman JL. Tooth Resorption. Quintessence Int 30:
            9-25.1999.
           
2000
            Neuvald L, Consolaro A. Cementoenamel Junction: Microscopic analysis and external cervical resorption J Endodon 26:503. September 2000.

            2001
            Filippi A, Pohl Y, von Arx T. Treatment of replacement resorption with Emdogain – preliminary results after 10 months. Dent Traumatol:134. 2001.

            Levin L, Bryson EC, Caplan D, Trope M. Effect of topical alendronate on root resorption of dried replanted dog teeth Dent Traumatol:120. 2001.

            Donaldson M, Kinirons MJ. Factors affecting the onset of resorption in avulsed and replanted incisor teeth in children Dent Trauamatol:205. 2001.

2002
            Trope M. Root resorption due to dental trauma.  Endodontic Topics 1:79. 2002.

2004
            Heithersay G. Invasive cervical resorption. Endodontic Topics 7:73. March, 2004.

Optional         
*Rabinowitch BZ.  Internal resorption.  Oral Surg 33:263-282. 1972.

*Frank AL, Weine FS.  Nonsurgical therapy for the perforative defect of                                  internal resorption.  JADA 87:863-868. 1973.

*Burke JH.  Reversal of external root resorption.  J Endodon 2:87-88. 1976.

*Allen AL, Gutmann,JL.  Internal root resorption after vital root resection.
            J Endodon 3:438-440. 1977.

          *Harrington GW, Natkin E. External resorption associated bleaching of pulpless
            teeth. J Endodon 5:344-348. 1979.
                       
         *Lindskog S, Hammarstrom L.  Evidence in favor of an anti-invasion factor
  in  cementum or periodontal membrane of human teeth. Scand J Dent Res 88:161-
 163.1980.

Frank AL. External-internal progressive resorption and its nonsurgical correction.
J Endodon 7:473-476. 1981.

*Boyde A, Ali NN, Jones SJ.  Resorption of dentine by isolated osteoclasts in vitro.  Brit Dent J  156:216-220. 1984.

*Heithersay GS.  Clinical endodontic and surgical management of tooth and
 associated bone resorption.  Int Endo J  18:72-92. 1985.

*Andreasen JO.  External root resorption: its implications in dental traumatology, pedodontics, periodontics, orthodontics and endodontics. Int Endo J 18:109-118. 1985.

Saroff SA, Chasens AI, Orlowski W, Doyle, JL. External tooth resorption following     periodontal ligament injection. J Oral Med 41:201-203. 1986.
      
*Walton RE, Leonard LA. Cracked tooth:an etiology for idiopathic internal resorption. J Endodon 12:167-169. 1986.

George DI, Miller RL. Idiopathic resorption of teeth. Amer J Orthod 89:13-20.
Wedenberg C, Pierce A, Lindskog,S.  Resorbing potential of different connective tissue types.  Scand J Dent Res 95:270-271. 1987.

*Tronstad L.  Root resorption- etiology, terminology and clinical manifestations.  Endod Dent Traumatol 4:241-252. 1988.

Pierce A, Berg JO, Lindskog S. Calcitonin as a alternative therapy in the treatment of root resorption. J Endodon 14:459-464. September 1988.
Lydiatt DD, Hollins RR, Peterson G. Multiple iodiopathic root resorption:
diagnostic considerations. Oral Surg 67:208-210. 1989.

*Chapnick L.  External root resorption: an experimental radiographic evaluation.  Oral   Surg 67:578-582. 1989.

Bakland LK. Root Resorption. Den Cl Nor Am 36:491-507. Endodontics 1992.

*Gruendeman GW, Weine FS, Janik JM.  Combined orthodontic-endodontic therapy: case report of orthodontic movement of a recalcified lateral incisor. J Endodon 20:258-262. 1994.

Trope M, Yesilsoy C, Koren L, Moshonov J, Friedman S. Effect of different endodontic treatment protocols on periodontal repair and root resorption of replanted dog teeth. J Endodon 18:492-496. October, 1992.

*Kameyama Y, Nakane S, Maeda H, Saito T, Konishi S, Ito N.  Effect of fluoride
on root resorption caused by mechanical injuries of the periodontal soft tissue in rats. Endod Dent Traumatol 10:210-214. 1994.

*Liewehr FR, Craft DW, Primack PD, Kulild JC, Turgeon DK, Sutherland DE,
Schuster GS, Pashley DH.  Effect of biophosphonates and gallium on dentin resorption in vivo.  Endod dent Traumatol 11:20-26. 1995.

Bender IB, Byers MR, Mori K. Periapical repalcement resorption of permanent, vital, endodontically treated incisors after orthodontic movement: Report of two cases. J Endodon 23:768-773. 1997.

Lim V, Wang C, Trope M. Effect of systemic tetracycline and amoxicillin on inflammatory root resorption of replanted dogs teeth. Endod Dent Traumatol 1998; 14:216.

*Heithersay GS. Clinical, radiologic, and histopathologic features of invasive
            cervical resoption. Quintessence Int 30:27-37. 1999.

Heithersay GS. Invasive cervical resorption: An analysis of potential predisposing factors. Quintessence Int 30:83-95. 1999.

Heithersay GS. Treatment of invasive cervical resorption: An analysis of results
using topical application of trichloracetic acid, curettage, and restoration. Quintessence Int 30:96-110. 1999.

Lustig J, Tamse A, Fuss Z. Pattern of bone resorption in vertically fractured, endodontically treated teeth. Oral Surg 90:224-227. February, 2000.

Benenati FW. Treatment of mandibular molar with perforating internal resorption. J Endodon:474-475. July, 2001.
Shiraishi C, Hara Y, Abe Y, Ukai T, Kato I. A histopathological study of the role of periodontal ligament tissue in root resorption in the rat. Arch Oral Biol 46:99-107. 2001.

Friedland B, Faiella R, Bianchi J. Use of rotational tomography for assessing internal resorption. J Endodon 27:797-799. December, 2001.

Kinomoto Y, Noro T, Ebisu S. Internal root resorption associated with inadequate caries removal and orthodontic therapy. J Endodon 28:405-407. May, 2002.

Al-Badri S, Kinirons M, Cole B, Welbury R. Factors affecting resorption in traumatically intruded permanent incisors in children. Dental Traumatol 18:73-76.
 2002.

Lyroudia K, Dourou V, Pantelidou O, Labrianidis T, Pitas I. Internal root resorption studied by radiography, stereomicroscope, scanning electron microscope and computerized 3D reconstructive method. Dent Traumatol 2002;18:148.

Wong K, Sae-Lim V. The effect of intracanal ledermix on root resorption of delayed –replanted monkey teeth. Dent Traumatol 2002; 18:309.

Vier F, Figueiredo J. Prevalence of different periapical lesions associated with human teeth and their correlation with the presence and extension of apical external root resorption. Int Endod J 2002; 35:710.

Kim E, Kim K-D, Roh B-D, Cho Y-S, Lee S-J. Computed tomography as a diagnostic aid for extracanal invasive resorption. J Endod July, 2003; 29:463.

Hsien H-C, Cheng Y-A, Lee Y-L, Lan W-H, Lin C-P. Repair of perforating internal resorption with mineral trioxide aggregate: a case report. J Endod August, 2003; 29: 538.

Keum K-Y, Kwon O-T, Spangberg L, Kim C-K, Kim J, Cho M-I, et al. Effect of dexamethasone on root resorption after delayed replantation of rat tooth. J Endod December, 2003; 29:810.

Ma K, Sae-Lim V. The effect of topical minocycline on replacement resorption of replanted monkeys’ teeth. Dent Traumatol 2003; 19:96.

Vier FV, Figueiredo JAP. Internal apical resorption and its correlation with the type of apical lesion. Int Endo J 37:730-7. 2004.

Whitworth J. Dental root resorption part 1: Classification, etiology and management of the external inflammatory lesion. Endo Practice. September, 2004.
Hidalgo MM, Itano EN, Consolaro A. Humoral immune response of patients with dental trauma and consequent replacement resorption. Dent Tramatol 21:218-21. 2005.

Schjott M, Andreasen JO. Emdogain does not prevent progressive root resorption after replantation of avulsed: a clinical study. Dent Traumatol 221:46-50. 2005.

Hommez GMG, Browaeys HAA, DeMoor RJG. Surgical root restoration after external inflammatory root resorption: A case report. J Endod 32(8):798-801. 2006.

Sari S, Sonmez D. Internal resorption treated with mineral trioxide aggregate in a primary molar tooth: 18-month follow up. J Endod 32(1):69-71. 2006.