GRADUATE ENDODONTOLOGY
CLASSIC LITERATURE REVIEW SEMINAR
PULP CAPPING AND PULPOTOMY
WINTER, 2007

The purpose of this seminar is to introduce the student to the principles and procedures of various pulp capping and pulpotomy techniques.
SPECIFIC LEARNING OBJECTIVES: After reading this section the postgraduate student should be able to:
1.  Define indirect and direct pulp capping, and pulpotomy.
2.  State the indications for and the clinical technique of indirect and direct pulp capping and pulpotomy.
3.  Discuss the success and failure rates for direct and indirect pulp capping and pulpotomy.
4.  Discuss the various materials and medicaments used for pulp capping and pulpotomies.

TEXT REFERENCES:
Pathways of the Pulp, ed 9; Cohen and Hargreaves, eds. Mosby, Inc., 2006. pgs. 615-617; 834-837.

            1960
            *Sciaky I, Pisanti S.  Localization of calcium placed over amputated pulps in dogs teeth. J Dent Res 39:1128-1132. 1960.

            1971
            *Jordan RE, Suzuki M. Conservative treatment of deep carious lesions. J                      Canadian Dent Assoc 37:337. 1971.

            1972
            *Tronstad L, Mjor IA.  Capping of the inflamed pulp.  Oral Surg 34:477-485. 1972.

            1978
            Cvek, M. A clinical report on partial pulpotomy and capping with calcium hydroxide in permanent incisors with comlicated crown fracture. J Endodon 4:232. 1978.

            1980
            *Fairbourn DR, Charbeneau GT, Loesche WJ.  Effect of improved Dycal and IRM on bacteria in deep carious lesions.  J Amer Dent Assoc 100:547. 1980.

            1981
            *Pereira JC, Stanley HR.  Pulp capping: the influence of the exposure site on pulp healing- histologic and radiographic study in dogs’ pulp. J Endodon 7:213. 1981.

            1984
            *Teplitsky PE, Grieman R.  History of formocresol pulpotomy. J Canadian Dent Assoc 50:629. 1984.
           
            1986
            *Lado EA, Pappas J, Tyler K, Stanley HR, Walker C.  In vitro antimicrobial
            activity of six pulp capping agents.  Oral Surg 61:197. 1986.

            Cox CF, Bergenholtz G.  Healing sequence in capped inflamed dental pulps of Rhesus monkeys.  Int Endodon J  19:113. 1986.

            1989
            *Hasselgren G, Reit, C.  Emergency pulpotomy: pain relieving effect with and without the use of sedative dressings.  J Endodon 15:254. 1989.

            1991
            *Hill SD, Berry CW, Seale NS, Kaga M.  Comparison of antimicrobial and cytotoxic effects of glutaraldehyde and formocresol.  Oral Surg 71:89. 1991.

            1995
            Caliskan MK. Pulpotomy of carious vital teeth with periapical involvement.        Int Endod J  28:172. 1995.

            1996
            Pitt Ford TR, Torabinejad M, Abedi HR, Bakland LK, Kariyawasam, SP. Using MTA as pulp capping material. J Am Dent Assoc.  127:1491. 1996.
           
            2000
            Barthel CR, Rosenkranz B, Leuenberg A, Roulet JF. Pulp capping of carious exposures: treatment outcome after 5 and 10 years: a retrospective study. J Endodon 2000;26(9):525.

            Farooq NS, Coll JA, Kuwabara A, Shelton P. Success rates of formocresol
            pulpotomy and indirect pulp therapy in the treatment of deep dentinal caries in primary teeth. Pediatric Dent 22:278. April, 2000.

            2002
            Tziafas D, Pantelidou O, Alvanou A, Belibasakis G, Papadimitriou S. The dentinogenic effect of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) in short-term capping experiments. Int Endodon J 35:245. March, 2002.

            Aeinehchi M, Eslami B, Ghanbariha M, Saffar AS. Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) and calcium hydroxide as pulp-capping agents in human teeth: a preliminary report. Int Endod J 2002;36:225.

            2003
            Salako N, Joseph B, Ritwik P, Salonen J, John P, Junaid TA. Comparison of bioactive glass, mineral trioxide aggregate, ferric sulfate, and formocresol as pulpotomy agents in rat molar. Dent Traumatol 2003;19:314.

            Al-Zayer MA, Straffon LH, Feigel RJ, Welch KB. Indirect pulp treatment of
            posterior teeth: a retrospective study. Pediatric Dent 25:29. January, 2003.

            2004
            Menezes R, Bramante CM, Letra A, Carvalho VGG, Garcia RB. Histologic evaluation of pulpotomies in dog using two types of mineral trioxide aggregate and regular and white Portland cements as wound dressings. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2004;98:376.

            Loh A, O’Hoy P, Tran X, Charles R, Hughes A, Kubo K, Messer LB.
            Evidence-based assessment : evaluation of the formocresol verus ferric sulphate primary molar pulpotomy. Pediatric Dent 26:401. May, 2004.

            2005
            Holan G, Eidelman E, Fuks AB. Long term evaluation of pulpotomy in primary
            molars using Mineral Trioxide Aggregate or Formocresol. Pediatric Dent 27:129. February, 2005.

            Vargas KG, Packham B. Radiographic success of ferric sulphate and formocresol         pulpotomies in relation to early exfoliation. Pediatric Dent 27:233. March, 2005.

            2006
            Pradhan DP, Chawla HS, Gauba K, Goyal A. Comparative evaluation of
            endodontic management of teeth with unformed apices with Mineral Trioxide       Aggregate and calcium hydroxide. J Dent Child 73:79. February, 2006.

            El Meligy OAS, Avery DR. Comparison of apexification with Mineral Trioxide
            Aggregate and calcium hydroxide. Pediatric Dent 28:248. March, 2006.

            El Meligy OAS, Avery DR. Comparison of Mineral Trioxide Aggregate and
            calcium hydroxide as pulpotomy agents in young permanent teeth (Apexogenesis). Pediatric Dent 28:399. May, 2006.

Optional Articles
            *Tronstad L, Mjor IA.  Pulp reactions to calcium hydroxide containing              materials. Oral Surg 33:961-965. 1972.

*Woehrlen AE.  Evaluation of techniques and materials used in pulpal therapy based on a review of the literature: part I.  J Amer Dent Assoc 95:1154-1158.1977.
           
*Woehrlen AE.  Evaluation of techniques and materials used in pulpal therapy based on a review of the literature: part II.  J Amer Dent Assoc 96:107-112. 1978.
           
            *Haskell EW, Stanley HR, Chellemi J, Stringfellow H.  Direct pulp capping                   treatment: a long term follow-up.  J Amer Dent Assoc 97:607-612. 1978.
Heys DR et al. Histological considerations of direct pulp capping agents. J Dent Res 60: 1981.

Santini A. Assessment of the pulpotomy technique in human first permanent mandibula molars. Br Dent J 155:151. 1983.

Cvek M, Lundberg M. Histological appearance of pulps after exposure by a crown fracture, partial pulpotomy, and clinical diagnosis of healing. J Endodon 9:8-11. 1983.

*Cvek M, Granath L, Cleaton-Jones P, Austin J.  Hard tissue barrier formation in pulpotomized monkey teeth capped with cyanoacrylate or calcium hydroxide for 10 and 60 minutes.  J Dent Res 66:1166-1174. 1987.

            Cox CF.  Biocompatibility of dental materials in the absence of bacterial                        infection.  Oper Dent 12:146-152. 1987.

Cox CF, Keall CL, Keall HJ, Ostro E, Bergenholtz G.  Biocompatibility of surface sealed dental materils against exposed pulps.  J Prosth Dent 57:1-8. 1987.

*Lim KC, Kirk EEJ.  Direct pulp capping: a review.  Endod Dent Traumatol 3:213-219. 1987.
            Shulman ER, McIver FT, Burkes EJ.  Comparison of electrosurgery and                       formocresol as pulpotomy techniques in monkey primary teeth.  Ped Dent              9:189-194. 1987.

*Ranly DR, Garcia-Godoy F, Horn D.  Time, concentration, and pH parameters for the use of glutaraldehyde as a pulpotomy agent: an in vitro study.  Ped Dent 9:199-203. 1987.
           
Zilberman U, Mass E, Sarnat H. Partial pulpotomy in carious permanent molars. Amer J Dent 2:147-150. 1989.

Hata G et al. Systemic distributin of C-14 labeled formaldehyde applied in the root canal following pulpectomy. J Endodon 15:539. 1989.

            Marynik G et al. Placement of cast restorations over direct pulp capping                        procedures: a decision analytic appproach. JADA 120:183. 1990.

            *Ranly DR, Horn D.  Distribution, metabolism and excretion of [14C]               glutaraldehyde.  J Endodon 16:135-139. 1990.

*Heys DR, Fitzgerald M, Heys RJ, Chiego DJ.  Healing of primate dental pulps capped with Teflon.  Oral Surg 69:227-237. 1990.

            Chohayeb AA et al. Pulpal response to tricalcium phosphate as a capping                      agent. Oral Surg:343. 1991.

            Mejare I, Cvek M. Partial pulpotomy in young permanent teeth with deep                     carious lesions. Endod Dent Traumatol 9:238-242. 1993.

Yoshiba K, Yoshiba N, Iwaku M.  Histological pbservations of hard tissue barrier formation in amputated dental pulp capped with alpha tricalcium phosphate containing calcium hydroxide.  Endod Dent Traumatol 10:113-120. 1994.

Rutherford RB, Spangberg L, Tucker M, Rueger D, Charette M.  The time-course of the induction f reparative dentine formation in monkeys by recombinant human osteogenic protein-1.  Archs Oral Biol :39:833-838. 1994.

Caliskan M.  Clinical reliability of the dentin bridge formed after pulpotomy. Int Endodon J  27:52-55. 1994.

Heitmann T, Unterbrink G.  Direct pulp capping with a dentinal resin system: A pilot study.  Quint Int 26:765-770. 1995.
           
Yoshiba K, Yoshiba N, Iwaku M. Effects of antibacterial capping agents on dental pulps of monkeys mechanically exposed to oral microflora.  J Endodon 21:16-20. 1995.
Matsuo T, Nakanishi T, Shimizu H, Ebisu S.  A clinical study of direct pulp capping applied to carious-exposed pulps.  J Endodon 22:551-556. 1996.

Nosart IV, Nosart CA. Reparative hard tissue formation following calcium hydroxide application after partial pulpotomy in cariously exposed pulps of permanent teeth. Int Endodon J 31:221. 1998.

Koh ET, McDonald F, Ford TRP, Torabinejad M. Cellular response to mineral trioxide aggregate. J Endodon 1998;24(8):543-547.

Torabinejad M, Chivian. Clinical applications of mineral trioxide aggregate. J Endodon 25:197. 1999.

Aminoshariae A, Hartwell GR, Moon PC. Placement of mineral trioxide aggregate using two different techniques. J Endodon 2003;29(10):679-682.

Fridland M, Rosado R. Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) solubility and porosity with different water-to-powder ratios. J Endodon 2003;29(12):814-817.

Costa C, Oliveira M, Giro E, Hebling J. Biocompatability of resin-based material used as pulp-capping agents. Int Endo J 2003;36:831-39.

Saidon J, He J, Zhu Q, Safavi K, Spangberg LSW. Cell and tissue reactions to mineral trioxide aggregate and Portland cement. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2003;95:483-9.

Andelin WE, Shabahang S, Wright K, Torabinejad M. Identification of hard tissue after experimental pulp capping using dentin sialoprotein (DSP) as a marker. J Endodon 2003;29(10):646-650.
Balto HA. Attachment and morphological behavior of human periodontal ligament fibroblasts to mineral trioxide aggregate: a scanning electron microscope study. J Endodon 2004;30(1):25-29.

Tselnik M, Baumgartner JC, Marshall JG. Baterial leakage with mineral trioxide aggregate or a resin-modified glass ionomer used as a coronal barrier. J Endodon 2004;30(11):782-784.

Sena M, Yamashita Y, Nakano Y, Ohgaki M, Nakamura S, Yamashita K, Takagi Y. Octacalcium phosphate-based cement as a pulp-capping agent in rats. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2004;97:749-55.

* Board Review Articles