OHSU School of Dentistry - Graduate Endodontics

GRADUATE ENDODONTOLOGY
CLASSIC LITERATURE REVIEW SEMINAR
OBTURATION METHODS AND MATERIALS I
WINTER, 2006

Objectives:
The prudent endodontic post-graduate student should after this literature section be able to:
1. List the criteria for the ideal obturating material
2. Describe the purpose of obturation and the mechanism for endodontic failure in cases of inadequate obturation.
3. Describe the various obturating materials and methods available to us and the advantages and disadvantages of said techniques.
4. Describe the various in-vitro methods for evaluation of obturation techniques and be able to critique said methods.
5. Discuss the clinical and radiographic criteria for evaluationg the quality of obturation.

TEXT REFERENCE: Guttman JL and Witherspoon DE. Obturation of the Cleaned and Shaped Root Canal System. Pathways of The Pulp. eds Cohen S, Burns RC. 8th ed.:293-364. Mosby, St Louis.
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1953
Berg B. The endodontic management of multirooted teeth. Oral Surg Oral Path Oral Med 1953;6:399-405

1961
*Marshall FJ, Massler M. The sealing of pulpless teeth evaluated with radioisotopes. J Dent Med 16:172-184. 1961.

1967
Schilder H. Filling root canals in three dimensions. Dent Clin No Amer 11:723- 744. 1967.

1974
*Schilder H, Goodman A, Aldrich W. The thermomechanical properties of gutta- percha I. the compressibility of gutta-percha. Oral Surg 37:946-953. 1974.

Goodman A, Schilder H, Aldrich W. The thermomechanical properties of gutta-percha II. the history and molecular chemistry of gutta-percha.
Oral Surg 37:954-961. 1974.

Schilder H, Goodman A, Aldrich W. The thermomechanical properties of gutta-percha III. determination of phase transition temperatures for gutta-percha. Oral Surg 38:109-114. 1974.

1975
*Wolfson EM, Seltzer S. Reaction of rat connective tissue to some gutta-percha formulations. J Endodon 1:395-402. 1975.

            1976
            Larder TC, Prescott AJ, Brayton SM. Gutta-percha: a comparative study of three        methods of obturation. J Endodon 2:289-294. 1976.
            1977
            *Yee FS, Marlin J, Krakow AA, Gron P. Three dimensional obturation of the root canal using injection-molded, thermoplasticized dental gutta-percha.
            J Endodon 3:168-174. 1977.

            1978
            Johnson WB. A new gutta-percha technique. J Endodon 4:184-188. 1978.

1979
*Allison DA, Weber CR, Walton RE. The influence of the method of canal preparation on the quality of apical and coronal obturation. J Endodon 5:298-304. 1979.

1980
*Russin TP, Zardiackas LD, Reader A, Menke RA. Apical seals obtained with laterally condensed, chloroform-softened gutta-percha and laterally condensed gutta-percha and Grossman’s sealer. J Endodon 6:678-682. 1980.

1981
*Allison DA, Michelich RJ, Walton RE. The influence of master cone adaptation on the quality of the apical seal. J Endodon 7:61-65. 1981.

1982
*Moorer WR, Genet JM. Antibacterial activity of gutta-percha cones attributed to the zinc oxide component. Oral Surg 53:508-517. 1982.

1984
*Keane KM, Harrington GW. The use of a chloroform-softened gutta-percha master cone and its effect on the apical seal. J Endodon 10:57-63. 1984.

1985
*ElDeeb ME. The sealing ability of injection-molded thermoplasticized gutta- percha. J Endodon 11:84-86. 1985.

1986
*Kersten HW, Fransman R, Thoden Van Velzen SK. Thermomechanical compaction of gutta-percha II. a comparison with lateral condensation in curved root canals. Int Endo J 19:134-140. 1986.

*Hopkins JH, Remeikis NA, Van Cura JE. McSpadden versus lateral condensation: the extent of apical microleakage. J Endodon 12:198-201. 1986.

1987
Hardie EM. Further studies on heat generation during obturation techniques involving thermally softened gutta-percha. Int Endo J 20:122-127. 1987.

*Mann SR, McWalter GM. Evaluation of apical seal and placement control in straight and curved canals obturated by laterally condensed and thermoplasticized gutta-percha. J Endodon 13:10-17. 1987.

            *Swanson K, Madison S. An evaluation of coronal microleakage in                              endodontically treated teeth. Part I time periods. J Endodon 13:56-59. 1987.

            1988
            *Jerome CE, Hicks ML, Pelleu GB. Compatibility of accessory gutta-percha cones used with two types of spreaders. J Endodon 14:428-434. 1988.

*LaCombe JS, Campbell AD, Hicks ML, Pelleu GB. A comparison of the apical seal produced by two thermoplasticized injectable gutta-percha techniques. J Endodon 14:445-450. 1988.

*Madison S, Wilcox LR. An evaluation of coronal microleakage in endodontically treated teeth. Part III in vivo study. J Endodon 14:455-458. 1988.

OPTIONAL
Feldman G, Nyborg H. Tissue reactions to root filling mterial 1. Comparison between gutta percha and silver amalgam implanted in rabbit. Odont Rev 1962; 13:1.

Mayne JR, Shapiro S, Abramson. II. An evaluation of standardized gutta percha points. Oral Surg 1971; 31:250.

Friedman CE, Sandrik JL, Huer MA, Rapp GW. Compositon and physical properties of gutta-percha endodontic filling materials. J Endodon 1977; 3:304.

Sorin SM, Oliet S, Pearllstein F. Rejuvenation of aged (brittle) endodontic gutta-percha cones. J Endodon 1979; 5:233.

Negm MM, Grant AA, Combe EC. A newly designed root canal filling material. Br Dent J 1980;148:9.

Rhome BH, Solomon EA, Rabinowitz JL. Isotopic evaluation of the sealing properties of lateral condensation, vertical condensation, and Hydron. J Endodon 1981; 7:458.

Benner MD, Peters DD, Grower M, Bernier WE. Evaluation of a new thermoplsstic gutta-percha obturation technique using 45Ca. J Endodon 1981; 7:500.

Goodman A, Aldrich W, Schilder H. The thermomechanical properties of gutta-percha. Part IV. A thermil profile of warm gutta-percha packing procedure. Oral Surg 1981; 55:

Rafei SRAI, Sayegh FS, Wright G. Sealing ability of a new root canal filling material. J Endodon 1982; 8:152.
Kerekes K, Rowe AHR. Thermo-mechanical of gutta-percha root filling. Int Endo J 1982; 15:27.

Tagger M, Tamse A, Katz A. Efficacy of apical seal of engine pluger condensed root canal fillings-Leakage to dyes. Oral Surg 1983; 56:641.

Czonstkowsky M, Michanowicz A, Vasquez JA. Evaluation of an injection of thermoplasticized low -temperature gutta-percha using radioactive isotopes. J Endodon 1985; 11:71.

Schilder H, Goodman A, Aldrich W. The thermomechanical properties of gutta-percha. Part V. Volume changes in bulk gutta-percha as a function of temperatureand its relationship to molecular phase transformation. Oral Surg 1985; 59:285.

Eguchi DS, Peters DD, Hollinger JO, Lorton L. A comparison of the area of the canal space occupied by gutta-percha following four gutta-percha obturation techniques using procosol sealer. J Endodon 1985; 11:166.

Peters DD. Two-year in vitro solubility evaluation of four gutta-percha sealer obtuaration techniques. J Endodon 1986; 12:139.

            Skinner RL, Himel VT.The sealing ability of injection-molded                                        thermoplasticized gutta-percha with and without the use of sealers. J Endodon 1987;13:315.

            Jeffrey IWM, Saunders WP. An investigation into bond strenth between a root canal sealer and root-filling points. Int Endo J 20:217.1987.

Hatton J, Ferrillo P, Wagner N, Stewart GP. The effect of condensation pressure on the apical seal. J Endodon 14: 305-308. 1988.

Kersten HW. Evaluation of three thermoplasticized gutta-percha filling techniques using a leakage model invitro. Int Endo J 21:353-360. 1988.

GRADUATE ENDODONTOLOGY
CLASSIC LITERATURE REVIEW SEMINAR
OBTURATION METHODS AND MATERIALS II
WINTER, 2006

1988
*Metzger Z, Assif O, Tamse A. Residual chloroform and plasticity in customized gutta-percha master cones. J Endodon 14:546-549. 1988.

1990
*Baumgardner KR, Krell KV. Ultrasonic condensation of gutta-percha: an in vitro dye penetration and scanning electron microscopic study. J Endodon 16:253-259. 1990.

            *Lares C, ElDeeb ME. The sealing ability of the Thermafil obturation                            technique. J Endodon 16:474-479. 1990.

1991
            *Hartwell GR, Barbieri SJ, Gerard SE, Gunsolley JC. Evaluation of size variation between endodontic finger spreaders and accessory gutta-percha cones. J Endodon 17:8-11. 1991.

*Simons J, Ibanez B, Friedman S, Trope M. Leakage after lateral condensation with finger spreaders and D-11-T spreaders. J Endodon 17:101-104. 1991.

1993
*Clark DS, ElDeeb ME. Apical sealing ability of metal versus plastic carrier Thermafil obturators. J Endodon 19:4-9. 1993.

*Wu MK, Wesselink PR. Endodontic leakage studies reconsidered. Part I methodology, application and relevance. Int Endo J 26:37-43. 1993.

1994
            Bhambhani SM, Sprechman K. Microleakage comparison of thermafil versus vertical condensation using two different sealers. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1994;78:105-108.                     .

1995
            *Saw LH, Messer HH. Root strains associated with different obturation                                   techniques. J Endodon 21:314-320. 1995.

*Weller RN, Koch KA. In vitro radicular temperatures produced by injectable thermoplasticized gutta percha. Int Endo J 28:86-90. 1995.

1999
            Zmener O, Banegas G. Clinical experienc of root canal filling by ultrasonic                     condensation of gutta-percha. Endo Dent Traum 15:57-59. 1999.

2001
            Wolanek G, Loushine R, Weller N, Kimbrough F, Volkmann K. In vitro bacterial penetration of endodontically treated teeth coronally sealed with a dentin bonding agent. J Endodon 27:354-357. 2001.

Sweatman T, Baumgartner C, Sakaguchi R. Radicular temperatures associated with thermoplasticized gutta-percha. J Endodon 27:512-515. 2001.

            Belli S, Zhang Y, Pereira P, Pashley D. Adhesives sealing of the pulp chamber. J Endodon 27:521-526. 2001.

2002
            Bowman C and Baumgartner C. Gutta-percha obturation of lateral grooves and depressions. J Endodon 28:220-223. 2002.

Jacobson J, Xia T, Baumgartner C,Marshall G, Beeler W. Microbial leakage evaluation of the continuous wave of condensation. J Endodon 28:269-271. 2002.

            Lussi A, Suter B, Fritzsche A, Gygax M, Portman P. In vivo performance of the new non-instrumentation technology (NIT) for root canal obturation. Int Endo J 35:352-358. 2002.

2003
            Imai Y and Komabayashi T. Properties of a new injectable type of root canal filling resin with adhesiveness to dentin. J Endodon 29:20-23. January, 2003.

OPTIONAL
Beatty RG, Baker PS, Haddix J, Hart F. Efficacy of four root canal obturation techniques in preventing apical dye penetration. JADA 110:633. 1989.

Kersten HW, Moorer WR. Particles and molecules in endodontic leakage. Int Endo J 22:118. 1989.

Olsen A, Hartwell G, Weller R. Evaluation of the controlled placement of injected thermoplasticized gutta-percha. J Endodon 15:306-309. 1989.

Haas SB, Campbell AD, Hicks ML, Pelleu GB. A comparison of four root canal filling techniques. J Endodon 15:596. 1989.

*Luccy CT, Weller RN, Kulild JC. An evaluation of the apical seal produced by lateral and warm lateral condensation techniques. J Endodon 16:170-172. 1990.

Leonardo MR, Utrilla LS, Rothier A, Leonardo RT, Consolaro A. A comparison of subcutaneous connective tissue responses among three different formulations of gutta-percha used in thermatic techniques. Int Endo J 23:211-217. 1990.

Pollard Bk, Weller RN, Kulild JC. A standardized technique for linear dye leakage studies: immediate versus delayed immersion times. Int Endo J 23:250. 1990.

Greene HA, Wong M, Ingram III TA. Comparison of the sealing ability of obturation techniques. J Endodon 16:423. 1990.

Torabinejad M, Ung B, Kettering JD. In vitro bacterial penetration of coronally unsealed endodontically treated teeth. J Endodon 16:566. 1990.

Haddix JE, Jarrell M, Mattison GD, Pink FE. An in vitro investigation of the apical seal produced by a new thermaoplasticized gutta-percha obturation technique. Quint Int 22:159. 1991.

West J. The cone fit: an essential step to creating obturation excellence. Endo Report 7:10-13. 1992.

West JD. The heat wave: the secret to creating obturation excellence. Endo Report 8:5-11. 1993.

Kuhre AN, Kessler JR. Effect of moisture on the apical seal of laterally condensed gutta-percha. J Endodon 1993;19:277-280.

Reader CM, Himel VT, Germain LP, Hoen MM. Effect of three obturation techniques on the filling of lateral canals and the main canal. J Endodon 1993;19:404-408.

Portmann P, Lussi A. A comparison betwen a new obturation technique and lateral condensation: and invitro study. J Endodon 20:292-295. 1994.

Tagger M, Katz A, Tamse A. Apical seal using the GPII method in straight canals compared with lateral condensation, with or without sealer. Oral Surg 78:225-231. 1994.

Leung SF, Gulabivala K. An in-vitro evaluation of the influence of canal curvature on the sealing ability of thermafil. Int Endodon J 1994;27:1190-196.

Lussi A, Messerli L, Hotz P, Grosrey J. A new non-instrumented technique for cleaning and filling root canals. Int Endo J 28:1-6. 1995.

Dagher FB, Yared GM. Influence of operator profienciency on the sealing ability of the vertical condensation. J Endodon 1995;21:335-336.
*Buchanan LS. The continuous wave of obturation technique: centered condensation of warm gutta percha in 12 seconds. Dent Today p.60-67. Jan 1996.

Lussi A, Suter B, Grosrey J. Obturation of root canals in vivo with a new vaccum device. J Endodon 23:629-631. October, 1997.

Nakata TT, Bae KS, Baumgartner JC. Perforation repair comparing Mineral Trioxide Aggregate and Amalgam using an anaerobic bacterial leakage model. J Endodon 24:184-186. 1998.

Lussi A, Imwinkelreid S, Stich H. Oberteration of root canals with different sealers using non-instrumentation technology. Int Endo J 32:17-23. 1999.

Lussi A Imwinkelreid S, Hotz, GrosreyJ. Long term obturation quality using noninstrumentation technology. J Endodon 26:491-493. September, 2000.

Wildey W and Senia S. Another look at root canal obturation: part one. Endo Prac 5:33-38. June 2002.

Levitan ME, Himel VT, Luckey JB. The effect of insertion rates on fill length and adaptation of a thermoplasticized gutta-percha technique. J Endodon 29:505-508. August, 2003.

Guess GM, Edwards KR, Yang M, Iqbal MK, Kim S. Analysis of continuous-wave obturation using a single-cone and hybrid technique. J Endodon 29:509-12. August, 2003.

Camps J and Pashley D. Reliability of the dye penetration studies. J Endodon 29:592-94. September, 2003.

Kardon BP, Kuttler S, Hardigan P, Dorn SO. An in vitro evaluation of the sealing ability of a new root-canal-obturation system. J Endodon 29:658-61. October, 2003.

Tani-Ishii N and Ternaka T. Clinical and radiographic evaluation of root-canal obturation with Obtura II. J Endodon 29:739-42. November, 2003.

Wilson BL and Baumgartner JC. Coparison of spreader penetration during lateral compaction of .04 and .02 tapered gutta-percha. J endodon 29:828-31. December, 2003.

Vizgirda PJ, Liewehr FR, Patton WR, McPherson JC, Buxton TB. A comparison of laterally condensed gutta-percha, thermoplasticized gutta-percha and mineral trioxide aggregate as root canal filling materials. J Endodon 30:103-106. February, 2004.
Valois CR, Silva LP, Azevedo RB, Costa ED. Atomic force microscopy study of gutta-percha cone topography. Oral Surg Oral Med 98:250-55. February, 2004.

Shipper G and Trope M. In vitro microbial leakage of endodontically treated teeth using new and standard obturation techniques. J Endodon 30:154-58. March, 2004.

Goldberg RA, Kuttler S, Dorn SO. The properties of Endocal 10 and its potential impact on the structural integrity of the root. J Endodon 30:159-62. March, 2004.

Bailey GC, Ng Y –L, Cunnington SA, Barber P, Gulabivala K, Setchell DJ. Root canal obturation by ultrasonic condensation of putta-percha. Part II: an in vitro investigation of the quality of obturation. Int Endo J 37:694-98. 2004.

Xu Q, Fan M, Fan B, Cheung GS, Hu H. A new quantitative method using glucose for analysis of endodontic leakage. Oral Surg Oral Med 99:107-11. January, 2005.

Gordon MP, Love RM, Chandler NP. An evaluation of .06 tapered gutta-percha cones for filling of .06 taper prepared curved root canals. Int Endo J 38:87-96. January,2005.

Villegas JC, Yoshioka T, Kobayashi C, Suda H. Quality of gutta-percha root canal fillings using differently tapered gutta-percha master points. J Endodon 31:111-13. February, 2005.

Whitworth JM and Baco L. Coronal leakage of sealer-only backfill: an in vitro evaluation. J Endodon 31:280-282. April, 2005.

Lipski M. Root surface temperature rises in vitro during root canal obturation using hybrid and Microseal techniques. J Endodon 31:297-300. April, 2005.

Zmener O, PameijerCH, Macri E. Evaluation of the apical seal in root canals prepared with a new rotary system and obturated with a methacrylate based endodontic sealer: An in vitro study. J Endodon 31:392-95. May, 2005.

Zmener O, Banegas G, Pameijer CH. Bone tissue response to a methacrylate-based endodontic sealer: a histological and histometric study. J Endodon 31:457-59. May, 2005.
Al-Hezaimi K, Naghshbandi J, Oglesby S, Simon JH, Rostein I. Human saliva penetration of root canals obturated with two types of mineral trioxide aggregate cements. J Endodon 31:453-56. June, 2005.

Tay FR, Loushine RJ, Weller RN, Kimbrough WF, Pashley DH, Mak Y, Lai CS, Raina R, Williams MC. Ultrastructural evaluation of the apical seal in roots filled with a polycaprolactone-based root canal filling material. J Endodon 31:514-19. July, 2005.

Xavier CB, Weismann R, de Oliveira MG, Demarco FF, Pozza DH. Root-end filling materials: Apical microleakage and marginal adaptation. J Endodon 31:539-42. July, 2005.

Tay FR, Loushine RJ, Lambrechts P, Weller RN, Pashley, DH. Geometric factors affecting dentin bonding in root canals: a theoretical modeling approach. J Endodon 31:584-89. August, 2005.

Tay FR, Pashley DH, Williams MC, Raina R, Loushine RJ, Weller RN, Kimbrough F, King NM. Susceptabilty of a polcaprolactone-based root canal filling material to degradation . I. Alkaline Hydrolysis. J Endodon 31:593-98. August, 2005.