Objectives:

• Understand the significance of bacteria in pulpal and periapical disease.
• Describe the predominant bacteria and discuss the microbial ecosystem associated with infections of endodontic origin.
• Describe the reaction of the dental pulp and periradicular tissues to bacteria.

*  Read for classic literature seminar

Robinson HB, Boling LR. The anachoretic effect in pulpitis. JADA 1941;28:268-270.

Hedman, J.W.  An investigation into residual periapical infection after pulp canal therapy.  Oral Surg.  20:340  1951

Buchbinder, M. and Bartels, H.A. Criticism of the use of root canal cultures in evaluating antibiotic therapy.  Oral Surg.  4:886  1951

MacDonald, J.B., et al.  The bacteriologic status of the pulp chambers in intact teeth found to be nonvital following trauma.  Oral Surg. 10:318 1957

Brown,L.R. and Rudolph,C.E.  Isolation and identification of microorganisms from unexposed canals of pulp-involved teeth.  Oral Surg.  10:1094  1957

Leavitt,J.M., et al.  The bacterial flora of root canals as disclosed by a culture medium for endodontics.  Oral Surg.  11:302  1958

Engstrom,B. and Frostell,G.  Bacteriological studies of the non-vital pulp in cases with intact pulp cavities.  Acta Odont Scand.  19:23 1960.

Shindell E. A study of some periapical roentgenolucencies and their significance. Oral Surg 1961;14:1057-1065.

Bender,I.B., et al.  To culture or not to culture?  Oral Surg.  18:527 1964

*Kakehashi S, Stanley HR, Fitzgerald RJ. The effects of surgical exposures of dental pulps in germ-free and conventional laboratory rats. Oral Surg 1965;20:340-348

Reeves R, Stanley H. The relationship of bacterial penetration and pulpal pathosis in carious teeth. Oral Surg 1966;22(1):59-65.

Kantz,W.E. and Henry,C.A.  Isolation and classification of anaerobic bacteria from intact pulp chambers of non-vital teeth in man.  Archs. Oral Biol.  19:91,  1974

Sabiston,C.B. and Gold,W.A.  Anaerobic bacteria in oral infections.  Oral Surg.  38:187 1974

Bergenholtz G. Microorganisms from necrotic pulp of traumatized teeth. Odont Revy 1974;25:347-358.

Wittgow, W.C. and Sabiston,C.B.  Microorganisms from pulpal chambers of intact teeth with necrotic pulps.  J.Endodon  1:168  1975

Cvek, M.  et al.  Antimicrobial effect of root canaldebridement in teeth with immature root.  Odont. Revy.  27:1  1976

Sabiston,C.B., et al.  Bacterial study of pyogenic infections of dental origin.  Oral Surg.  41:430  1976

Keudell,K., et al.  Microorganisms isolated from pulp chambers.2:146  J. Endodon  2:146  1976

Sundqvist, G.  Bacteriological studies of necrotic dental pulps.  Umea Un.Odont. Dissertations No. 7. 1976 - Read only intro and summary.

Zielke, D.R.,  et al.  A statistical analysis of anaerobic versus aerobic culturing in endodontic therapy.  Oral Surg.  42:830  1976

Rowe, A. and Binnie, W.  The incidence and location of  micro-organisms following endodontic treatment.  Br.Dent.J. 142:91
1977

Bergenholtz, G.  Effect of bacterial products on inflammatory reactions in the dental pulp.  Scand. J. Dent. Res.  85:122  1977

Zielke, D.R.,  et al.  An analysis of the sensitivity of non-rereduced PRS medium in endodontic therapy.  Oral Surg.  47:83 1979

Allard U, Nord C, Sjöberg L, Strömberg T. Experimental infections with Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus sanguis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Bacteriodes fragilis  in the jaws of dogs. Oral Surg 1979;48:454-462.

Sundqvist GK, Eckerbom MI, Larsson ÅP, Sjögren UT. Capacity of anaerobic bacteria from necrotic dental pulps to induce purulent infections.Infect Immun 1979;25:685-693.

Bartlett, J.G. and O'Keefe, P.  The bacteriology of perimandibular space infections.  J. Oral Surg.  37:407  1979

Zavitoski, J.,  et al.  Quantitative bacteriology of endodontic infections.  Oral Surg.  49:171  1980

Griffee MB, Patterson SS, Miller CH, Kafrawy AH, Newton CW. The relationship of Bacteroides melaninogenicus  to symptoms associated with pulpal necrosis. Oral Surg 1980;50:457-461.

Carlsson, J. and Sundqvist, G.  Evaluation of methods of transport  and cultivation of bacterial specimens from infected dental root  canals.  Oral Surg.  49:451  1980

Bystrom, A. and Sundqvist, G.  Bacteriologic evaluation of the efficacy of mechanical root canal instrumentation in endodontic therapy.  Scand. J. Dent. Res.  89:321  1981

Moller, A., et al.  Influence on periapical tissues of indigenous  oral bacteria and necrotic pulp tissue in monkeys.  Scand. J. Dent. Res.  89:475  1981

Aderhold, L.,  et al.  The bacteriology of dentogenous pyogenic infections.  Oral Surg.  52:583  1981.

Fabricius, L.,  et al.  Influence of combinations of oral bacteria on periapical tissues of monkeys.  Scand. J. Dent. Res.  90:200 1982

Pitts, D.,  et al.  Investigation of the role of endotoxin in periapical inflammation.  J. Endodon  8:10  1982

*Fabricius L, Dahlén G, Öhman AE, Möller ÅJR. Predominant indigenous oral bacteria isolated from infected root canals after varied times of closure. Scand J Dent Res 1982;90:134-144.

Delivanis, P.,  et al.  The survivability of F43 strain of  streptococcus sanguis in root canals filled with gutta-percha and procosol cement.  J Endodon  9:407  1983

Delivanis PD, Fan VSC. The localization of blood-borne bacteria in instrumented unfilled and overinstrumented canals. J Endodon 1984;10(11):521-524.

Van Steenbergen TJM, Van Winkelhoff AJ, Mayrand D, Grenier D, De Graaff J. Bacteroides endodontalis  sp. nov., an asaccharolytic black-pigmented Bacteroides  species from infected dental root canals. Int J Syst Bacteriol 1984;34:118-120.

Heimdahl A, Von Konow L, Satoh T, Nord CE. Clinical appearance of orofacial infections of odontogenic origin in relation to microbiological findings. J Clin Microbiol 1985;22:299-302.

*Van Winkelhoff AJ, Carlee AW, de Graaff J. Bacteroides endodontalis  and other black-pigmented Bacteroides species in odontogenic abscesses. Infect Immun 1985;49:494-497.

Haapasalo M. Bacteroides buccae  and related taxa in necrotic root canal infections. J Clin Microbiol 1986;24:940-944.

Meryon, S.,  et al.  Penetration in vitro of human and ferret dentine by three bacterial species in relation to their potential role in pulpal inflammation.  Int. Endo. J.  19:213  1986

Thilo, B. ,  et al.  Dark-field observation of the bacterial distribution in root canals following pulp necrisis.  J Endodon 12:202  1986

Matusow, R.  Acute pulpal-alveolar cellulitis syndrome IV.  Exacerbations during endodontic treatment:  A clinical study of  specific microbial isolates and their etiologic role. Part 1 Oral Surg.  61:90 1986

Matusow, R.  Acute pulpal-alveolar cellulitis syndrome IV. Clinical parameters, demographics, and affirmation of traditional etiologic theory. Part 2.  Oral Surg.  61:96  1986

Haapasalo M, Ranta H, Rantah K, Shah H. Black-pigmented Bacteroides  spp. in human apical periodontitis. Infect Immun 1986;53:149-153.

*Tronstad L, Barnett F, Riso K, Slots J. Extraradicular endodontic infections. Endod Dent Traumatol 1987;3:86-90.

Byström A, Happonen RP, Sjögren U, Sundqvist G. Healing of periapical lesions of pulpless teeth after endodontic treatment with controlled aseptsis. Endod Dent Traumatol 1987;3:58-63.

*Nair PNR. Light and electron microscopic studies of root canal flora and periapical lesions. J Endodon 1987;13:29-39.

Ter Steeg PF, Van Der Hoeven JS, De Jong MH, Van Munster PJJ, Jansen MJH. Enrichment of subgingival microflora on human serum leading to accumulation of Bacteroides species, Peptostreptococci and Fusobacteria. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 1987;53:261-271.

Van Winkelhoff AJ, Kippuw N, De Graaff J. Cross-inhibition between black-pigmented Bacteroides  species. J Dent Res 1987;66:1663-1667.

Yoshida M, Fukushima H, Yamamoto K, Ogawa K, Toda T, Sagawa H. Correlation between clinical symptoms and microorganisms isolated from root canals of teeth with periapical pathosis. J Endodon 1987;13:24-28.

Pantera, E.,  et al.  Indirect immunofluorescence for the detection of bacteroides species in human dental pulp. J Endodon 14:218  1988

Shah HN, Collins MD. Proposal for reclassification of Bacteroides asaccharolyticus, Bacteroides gingivalis, and Bacteroides endodontalis  in a new genus, Porphyromonas. Int J Syst Bacteriol 1988;38:128-131.

Farber, P. and Seltzer, S.  Endodontic Microbiology. I. Etiology. J Endodon  14:363  1988

Ranta, H.  et al.  Bacteriology of odontogenic apical periodontitis and effect of penicillin treatment.  Scand. J. Infect. Dis.  20:187, 1988

Van Winkelhoff AJ, Van Steenbergen TJM, De Graaff J. The role of black-pigmented Bacteroides  in human oral infections. J Clin Periodontol 1988;15:145-155.

*Trope M, Tronstad L, Rosenberg ES, Listgarten M. Darkfield microscopy as a diagnostic aid in differentiating exudates from endodontic and periodontal abscesses. J Endodon 1988;14:35-38.

Van Steenbergen TJM, Van Winkelhoff AJ, Van der Velden U, De Graaff J. Taxonomy, virulence and epidemiology of black-pigmented Bacteroides  species in relation to oral infections. Infect 1989;17:82-84.

Wu, M.,  et al.  Capacity of anaerobic bacteria enclosed in a simulated root canal to induce inflammation.  Int. Endo. J.  22:269  1989

*Sundqvist, G.,  et al.  Prevalence of black-pigmented bacteroides species in root canal infections.  J Endodon  15:13, 1989 

Haapasalo, M.  Bacteroides spp. in dental root canal infections.  Endo. Dent. Trauma.  5:1  1989 

Yamamoto, K.,  et al. Antimicrobial susceptibilities of  eubacterium, peptostreptococcus, and bacteroides isolated from root canals of teeth with periapical pathosis.  J Endodon 15:112  1989

Glick M, Trope M, Pliskin M. Detection of HIV in the dental pulp of a patient with AIDS. JADA 1989;119:649-650.

Jin, K-C.,  et al.  Proteolytic activity in black-pigmented  bacteroides species.  J Endodon  15:463  1989.

Kinder SA, Holt SC. Characterization of coaggregation between Bacteroides gingivalis  T22 and Fusobacterium nucleatum  T18. Infect Immun 1989;57:3425-3433.

Sundqvist G, Johansson E, Sjögren U. Prevalence of black-pigmented Bacteroides  species in root canal infections. J Endodon 1989;15:13-19.

Horiba N, Maekawa Y, Matsumoto T, Nakamura H. A study of the distribution of endotoxin in the dentinal wall of infected root canals. J Endodon 1990;16:331-334.

Iwu C, MacFarlane TW, MacKenzie D, Stenhouse D. The microbiology of periapical granulomas. Oral Surg 1990;69:502-505.

Maita E, Horiuchi H. Polyamine analysis of infected root canal contents related to clinical symptoms. Endod Dent Traumatol 1990;6:213-217.

Nair PNR. Intraradicular bacteria and fungi in root-filled, asymptomatic human teeth with therapy-resistant periapical lesions:  A long-term light and electron microscopic follow-up study. J  Endodon 1990;16(12):580-588.

Nair PNR, Sjögren U, Krey G, Sundqvist G. Therapy-resistant foreign body giant cell granuloma at the periapex of a root-filled human tooth. J Endodon 1990;16:589-595

Fukushima H, Yamamoto K, Hirohata K, Sagawa H, Leung K-P, Walkler CB. Localization and identification of root canal bacteria in clinically asymptomatic periapical pathosis. J Endodon 1990;16:534-538.

Sjögren U, Hänström L, Happonen RP, Sundqvist G. Extensive bone loss                associated with periapical infection with Bacteroides gingivalis:  a case report. Int Endod J 1990;23:254-262

Tronstad L, Kreshtool D, Barnett F. Microbiological monitoring and results of treatment of extraradicular endodontic infection. Endod Dent Traumatol 1990;6:129-136.

*Glick M, Trope M, Pliskin E. Human immunodeficiency virus infection of fibroblasts of dental pulp in seropositive patients. Oral Surg 1991;71(6):733-735.

*Horiba N, Maekawa Y, Abe Y, Ito M, Matsumoto T, Nakamura H. Correlations between endotoxin and clinical symptoms or radiolucent areas in infected root canals. Oral Surg 1991;71:492-495.

Ando N, Hoshino E. Predominant obligate anaerobes invading the deep layers of root canal dentine. Int Endod J 1990;23:20-27.
Hahn C-L, Falkler WA Jr., Minah GE. Microbiological studies of carious dentine from human teeth with irreversible pulpitis. Arch Oral Biol 1991;36:147-153.

*Baumgartner JC, Falkler WA. Bacteria in the Apical 5 mm of Infected Root Canals. J Endodon 1991;17(8):380-383.

Hashioka K, Yamasaki M, Nakane A, Horiba N, Nakamura H. The relationship between clinical symptoms and anaerobic bacteria from infected root canals. J  Endodon 1992;18(11):558-561.

Baumgartner JC, Falkler WA, Beckerman T. Experimentally induced infection by oral anaerobic microorganisms in a mouse model , Oral Microbiol Immunol 1992: 7:253-256.

Wayman BE, Murata SM, Almeida RJ, Fowler CB. A bacteriological and histological evaluation of 58 periapical lesions. J Endodon 1992;18(4):152-155.

*Walton RE. Histological evaluation of the presence of bacteria in induced periapical lesions in monkeys. J Endodon 1992;18:216-221.

Sundqvist G. Ecology of the root canal flora. J Endodon 1992;18(9):427-430.

Herweijer J, Loos B, Neiders M. Characterization of total membrane proteins of Porphyromonas endodontalis. J Endodon 1992;18(12):620-624.

Hahn C-l, Falkler WAJ, Minah GE. Correlation between thermal sensitivity and microorganisms isolated from deep carious dentin. J Endodon 1993;19(1):26-30.

Coogan MM, Creaven PJ. Antibacterial properties of eight dental cements. Int Endod J 1993; 26 : 355-361.

Kiryu T, Hoshino E, Iwaku M. Bacteria invading periapical cementum. J Endodon 1994; 20 (4): 169-172.

Porter S, Scully C, Samaranayake L. Viral hepatitis. Oral Surg 1994; 78 (6): 682-694.

Reader CM, Boniface M, Wagner-Bujanda S. Refractory endodontic lesion associated with staphylococci aureus. J Endodon 1994; 20 (12): 607-609.

*Sundqvist G. Taxonomy, ecology, and pathogenicity of the root canal flora. Oral Surg 1994; 78 (4): 522-530.

Yared GM, Dagher FEB. Influence of apical enlargement on bacterial infection during treatment of apical periodontitis. J Endodon 1994; 20 (11): 535-537.

Weiger R, Manncke B, Werner H, Lost C. Microbial flora of sinus tracts and root canals of non-vital teeth. Endodon Dent Traumatol 1995; 11 (1): 15-19.

Horiba N, Yoshida T, Suzuki K, et al. Isolation of methicillin-resistant staphylococci  in the dental operatory. J Endodon 1995; 21 (1): 21-25.

Sen BH, Piskin B, Demirci T. Observation of bacteria and fungi in infected root canals and dentinal tubules by SEM. Endodon Dent Traumatol 1995; 11 (1): 6-9.

Puttaiah R, Lasnglais RP, Katz JO, Langland OE. Infection control in dental radiology. CDA 1995; 23 (5): 21-28.
Abdulkader A, Duguid R, Saunders M. The antimicrobial activity of endodontic sealers to anaerobic bacteria. Int Endod J 1996; 29 : 280-283.

*Brook I, Frazier E, Gher MJ. Microbiology of periapical abscesses and associated maxillary sinusitis. J Periodontal 1996; 67 (6): 608-610.

Barnard D, Davies J, Figdor D. Susceptibility of Actinomyces israelii  to antibiotics, sodium hypochlorite and calcium hydroxide. Int Endod J 1996; 29 : 320-326.
Dahle UR, Tronstad L, Olsen I. Characterization of new periodontal and endodontic isolates of spirochetes. Eur J Oral Sci 1996; 104 : 41-47.

Assed S, Ito I, Leonardo M, Silva L, Lopatin D. Anaerobic microorganisms in root canals of human teeth with chronic apical periodontitis detected by indirect immunofluorescence. Endod Dent Traumatol 1996; 12 : 66-69.

Slavkin H. The A,B,C,D, and E of viral hepatitis. JADA 1996; 127 : 1667-1670.

Schifferle R, Shostad S, Bayers-Thering M, Dyer D, Neiders M. Effect of protoporphyrin IX limitation on prophyromonas gingivalis. J Endodon 1996; 22 (7): 352-355.

Gomes B, Lilley J, Drucker D. Variations in the susceptibilities of components of the endodontic microflora to biomechanical procedures. Int Endod J 1996; 29 : 235-241.

Gomes B, Lilley J, Drucker D. Associations of endodontic symptoms and signs with particular combinations of specific bacteria. Int Endod J 1996; 29 : 69-75.
(1-23)

Abdulkader A, Duguid R, Saunders M. The antimicrobial activity of endodontic sealers to anaerobic bacteria. Int Endod J 1996; 29 : 280-283.

Debelian G, Olsen I, Tronstad L. Observation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae  in blood of patient undergoing root canal treatment. Int Endod J 1997; 30 (5): 313-317.

Bae K, Baumgartner J, Shearer T, David L. Occurence of Prevotella nigrescens and Prevotella intermedia in infections of endodontic origin. J Endodon 1997; 23 (10): 620-623.

Dajani A, Taubert K, Wilson W, et al. Prevention of bacterial endocarditis. JAMA 1997; 277 (22): 1794-1801.

Vigil GV, Wayman BE, Dazey SE, Fowler CB, Bradley DV, Jr. Identification and antibiotic sensitivity of bacteria isolated from periapical lesions. J Endodon 1997; 23 (2): 110-114.

Chailertvanitkul P, Saunders W, Saunders E, MacKenzie D. An evaluation of microbial coronal leakage in the restored pulp chamber of root-canal treated multirooted teeth. Int Endod J 1997; 30 (5): 318-322.

Grau A, Buggle F, Ziegler C, et al. Association between acute cerebrovascular ischemia and chronic and recurrent infection. Stroke 1997; 28 : 1724-1729.

Fouad A. IL-1a and TNF-a expresion in early periapical lesions of normal and immunodeficient mice. J Dent Res 1997; 76 (9): 1548-1554.

Firoozkoohi J, Zandi H, Olsen I. Comparison of lipopolysaccharides from Bacteroides, Porphyromonas, Prevotella, Campylobacter and Wolinella spp. by Tricine-SDS-PAGE. Endo Dent Traum 1997; 13 (1): 13-18.

Blum J, Michailesco P, Abadie M. An evaluation of the bactericidal effect of the Nd:YAP laser. J Endodon 1997; 23 (9): 583-585.
(1-13)

Abou-Rass M, Bogen G. Microorganisms in closed periapical lesions. Int Endod J 1998;31(31):39-47.

Bae K, Baumgartner J, Nakata T. Development of an anaerobic bacterial leakage model. J Endodon 1998; 24 (4): 233-238.

*Molander A, Reit C, Dahlen G, Kvist T. Microbiological status of root-filled teeth with apical periodontitis. Int Endod J 1998; 31 : 1-7.

Calas P, Rochd T, Druilhet P, Azais J. In vitro adhesion of two strains of prevotella nigrescens to the dentin of the root canal: the part played by different irrigation solutions. J Endodon 1998; 24 (2): 112-115.

Siqueira J, Batsita M, Fraga R, de Uzeda M. Antibacterial effects of endodontic irrigants on black-pigmented gram-negative anaerobes and facultative bacteria. J Endodon 1998; 24 (6): 414-416.

Matsushima K, Ohbayashi E, Takeuchi H, Hosoya S, Abiko Y, Yamazaki M. Stimulation of interleukin-6 production in human dental pulp cells by peptidoglycans from lactobacillus casei. J Endodon 1998;24(4):252-255.

Sobrinho A, Barros M, Nicoli J, Carvalho A, Farias L, Bambirra E, et al. Experimental root canal infections in conventional and germ-free mice. J Endodon 1998;24(6):405-408.

Siqueira J, Batsita M, Fraga R, de Uzeda M. Antibacterial effects of endodontic irrigants on black-pigmented gram-negative anaerobes and facultative bacteria. J Endodon 1998;24(6):414-416.

Dougherty W, Bae K, Watkins B, Baumgartner J. Black-pigmented bacteria in coronal and apical segements of infected root canals. J Endodon 1998;24(5):356-358.

*Sundqvist G, Figdor D, Persson S, Sjögren U. Microbiologic analysis of teeth with failed endodontic treatment and the outcome of conservative re-treatment. Oral Surg 1998;85(1):86-92.

Abraham C, Al-Hashimi I, Haghighat N. Evaluation of the levels of oral candida in patients with sjogrens syndrome. Oral Surg 1998;86(1):65-8.

Kuo M, Lamster I, Hasselgren G. Host Mediators in endodontic exudates. J Endodon 1998;24(9):598-603.
Mendez M, Scott T, LaMorte W, Vokonas P, Menzoian J, Garcia R. An association between periodontal disease and peripheral vascular disease. Am J of Surg 1998;176(2):153-157.

Periodontology AAO. Periodontal disease as a potential risk factor for systemic diseases. J Periodontol 1998;69:841-850.

Siqueira JJ, Magalhaes F, Lima K, de Uzeda M. Pathogenicity of facultative and obligate anaerobic bacteria in monoculture and combined with either Prevotella intermedia or Prevotella nigrescens. Oral Microbiol Immun 1998;13:368-372.

Henderson B, Wilson M. Commensal communism and the oral cavity. J Dent Res 1998;77(9):1674-1683.

Hren N, Gubina M, Ihan A. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes versus streptococcal colonization in periapical granulomas. J Endodon 1999;25(4):239-242.

*Baumgartner JC, Watkins JB, Bae KS, Xia T. Association of black-pigmented bacteria with endodontic infections. J Endodon 1999;25(6):413-415.

Concalves R, Mouton C. Molecular detection of bacteroides forsythus in infected root canals. J Endodon 1999;25(5):336-340.

Nair P, Sjogren U, Figdor D, Sundqvist G. Persistent periapical radiolucencies of root-filled human teeth, failed endodontic treatments, and periapical scars. Oral Surg 1999;87:617-627.

Odell L, Baumgartner J, Xia T, David L. Survey of collagenase gene prtC in porphyromonas gingivalis and porphyromonas endodontalis isolatedfrom endodontic infections. J  Endodon 1999;25(8):555-558.

Baumgartner J, Bae K, Xia T, Whitt J, David L. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and polymerase chain reaction for differentiation of Prevotella intermedia and Prevotella nigrescens. J Endodon 1999;25(5):324-328.

Waltimo T, Siren E, Orstavik D, Haapasalo M. Susceptibility of oral candida species to calcium hydroxide in vitro. Int Endod J 1999;32(2):94-98.

*Xia T, Baumgartner JC, David LL. Isolation and identification of Prevotella tannerae from endodontic infections. Oral Micro and Immun 1999;15:273-275.

Barthel C, Moshonov J, Shuping G, Orstavik D. Bacterial leakage versus dye leakage in obturated root canals. Int Endod J 1999;32:370-375.

Siqueira J, Jr, Lopes H. Mechanisms of antimicrobial activity of calcium hydroxide: a critical review. Int Endod J 1999;32:361-369.

Molinari J. Hepatitis C virus: emergence of a silent pathogen. CDA 1999;27(10):759-765.

Matsushita K, Tajima T, Tomita K, Takada H, Nagaoka S, Torii M. Inflammatory cytokine production and specific antibody responses to lipopolysaccharide from endodontopathic black-pigmented bacteria in patients with multilesional periapical periodontitis. J Endodon 1999;25(12):795-799.

Nakata K, Yamasaki M, Iwata T, Suzuki K, Nakane A, Nakamura H. Anaerobic bacterial extracts influence production of matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitors by human dental pulp cells. J Endodon 2000;26(7):410-413.

Tong D, Rothwell B. Antibiotic prophylaxis in dentistry: a review and practice recommendations. JADA 2000;131(March):366-373.

Safavi K, Nichols F. Effects of a bacterial cell wall fragment on monocyte inflammatory function. J Endodon 2000;26(3):153-155.

Pallasch T, Wahl M. The focal infection theory:  appraisal and reappraisal. CDA 2000;28(3):194-200.

de Oliveira J, Siqueira J, JF, Alves G, Hirata J, R, Andrade A. Detection of Porphyromonas endodontalis in infected root canals by 16s rRNA gene-directed polymerase chain reaction. J Endodon 2000;26(12):729-732.

Shuping GB, Orstavik D, Sigurdsson A, Trope M. Reduction of intracanal bacteria using nickel-titanium rotary instrumentation and various medications. J Endodon 2000;26(12):751-755.

Rauckhorst A, Baumgartner J. Zebra XIX Part 1. J Endodon 2000;26(7):421.

Rauckhorst A, Baumgartner J. Zebra XIX Part 2. J Endodon 2000;26(8):469-471.

Peciuliene V, Balciuniene I, Eriksen H, Haapasalo M. Isolation of Enteroccus faecalis in previously root-filled canals in a Lithuanian population. J Endodon 2000;26(10):593-595.

Laghios C, Cutler C, Gutmann J. In vitro evidence that lipopolysaccharide of an oral pathogen leaks from root-end filled teeth. Int Endod J 2000;33:333-339.

Gatti J, Dobeck J, Smith C, White R, Socransky S, Skobe Z. Bacteria of asymptomatic periradicular endodomtic lesions identified by DNA-DNA hybridization. Endod Dent Traumatol 2000;16:197-203.

Sunde P, Tronstad L, Eribe E, Lind P, Olsen I. Assessment of periradicular microbiota by DNA-DNA hybridization. Endod Dent Traumatol 2000;16:191-196.

Rupf S, Kannengieber S, Merte K, Pfister W, Sigusch B, Eschrich K. Comparison of profiles of key periodontal pathogens in periodontium and endodontium. Endod Dent Traumatol 2000;16:269-275.

Di Lenarda R, Cadenaro M, Stacchi C. Paresthesia of the mental nerve induced by periapical infection. Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2000;90:746-9.

Siqueira J, Jr., Rôças JN, Souto R, deUzeda M, Colombo AP. Checkerboard DNS-DNA hybridization analysis of endodontic infections. Oral Surg 2000;89:744-748.

*Baumgartner JC, Watts CM, Xia T. Occurence of candida albicans in infections of endodontiic origin. J Endodon 2000;26(12):695-698.

Assouline L, Fuss Z, Mazor Y, Weiss E. Bacterial penetration and proliferation in root canal dentinal tubles after applying dentin adhesives in vitro. J Endodon 2001;27(6):398-400.

Buck R, Cai J, Eleazer P, Staat R, Hurst H. Detoxification of endotoxin by endodontic irrigants and calcium hydroxide. J Endodon 2001;27(5):325-327.

Han G, Park S, Yoon T. Antimicrobial activity of Ca(OH)2 containing pastes with enterococcus faecalis in vitro. J Endodon 2001;27(5):328-332.

Valera MC, de Moraes Rego J, Jorge AOC. Effect of sodium hypochlorite and five intracanal medications on candida albicans in root canals. J Endodon 2001;27(6):401-403.

Khongkhunthian P, Reichart PA. Aspergillosis of the maxillary sinus as a complication of overfilling root canal material into the sinus: report of two cases. J Endodon 2001;27(7):476-478.

Vergis EN, Demas PN, Vaccarello SJ, Yu VL. Topical antibiotic prophylaxis for bacteremia after dental extractions. J Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Path 2001;91(2):162-165.

Hancock HI, Sigurdsson A, Trope M, Moiseiwitsch J. Bacteria isolated after unsuccessful endodontic treatment in a north american population. Oral Surg 2001;91(5):579-586.

Siqueira J, Rôças I, Favieri A, Oliveira J, Santos K. Polymerase chain reaction detection of Treponema denticola in endodontic infections within root canals. Int Endod J 2001;34:280-284.

Siqueira J, Jr, Rôças I, Oliveira J, Santos K. Molecular tetection of black-pigmented bacteria in infections of endodonitc origin. J Endodon 2001;27(9):563-566.

Hashimura T, Sato M, Hioshino E. Detection of slackia exigua, mogibacterium timidum and eubacterium saphenum from pulpal and periradicular samples using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. Int Endod J 2001;34:463-470.

Lima K, Fava L, Siqueira J. Susceptibilities of Enterococcus faecalis biofilms to some antimicrobial medications. J Endodon 2001;27(10):616-619.

Sobrinho A, Lanna M, Farias LdM, de Carvalho M, Nicoli J, de Uzeda M, et al. Implantation of bacteria from human pulpal necrosis and translocation from root canals in gnotobiotic mice. J Endodon 2001;27(10):605-609.

*Love R. Enterococcus faecalis - a mechanism for its role in endodontic failure. Int Endod J 2001;34:399-405.

Peciuliene V, Reynaud A, Balciuniene I, Haapasalo M. Isolation of yeasts and enteric bacteria in root-filled teeth with chronic apical periodontitis. Int Endod J 2001;34:429-434.

Siqueira J, JF, Rôças I, Souto R, de Uzeda M, Colombo A. Microbiological evaluation of acute periradicular abscesses by DNA-DNA hybridization. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radio Endod 2001;92:451-7.

*Jung I-Y, Choi B-k, Kum K-Y, Yoo Y-J, Yoon T-C, Lee S-J, et al. Identification of oral spirochetes at the species level and their association with other bacteria in endodontic infections. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radio Endod 2001;92:329-34.

Ferguson JW, Hatton JF, Gillespie MJ. Effectiveness of intracanal irrigants and medications against the yeast candida albicans. J Endodon 2002;28(2):68-71.

Sukawat C, Srisuwan T. A comparison of the antimicrobial efficacy of three calcium hydroxide formulations on human dentin infected with enterococcus faecalis. J Endodon 2002;28(2):102-04.

Siqueira J, JF, Rocas I, Souto R, de Uzeda M, Colombo A. Actinomyces species, streptococci, and enterococcus faecalis in primary root canal infections. J Endodon 2002;28(3):168-172.

*Sunde P, Olsen I, Debelian G, Tronstad L. Microbiota of periapical lesions refractory to endodontic therapy. J Endodon 2002;28(4):304-310.

Jiang Y, Schilder H. An optimal host response to a bacterium may require the interaction of leykocytes and resident host cells. J Endodon 2002;28(4):279-282.

Molander A, Lundquist P, Papapanou P, Dahlen G, Reit C. A protocol for polymerase chain reaction detection of enterococcus faecalis and enterococcus faecium from the root canal. Int Endod J 2002;35:1-6.

Pataky L, Ivanyi I, Grigar A, Fazekas A. Antimicrobial efficacy of various root canal preparation techniques:  an in vitro comparative study. J Endodon 2002;28(8):603-605.

Peters L, van Winkelhoff A-J, Buijs J, Wesselink PR. Effects of instrumentation, irrigation and dressing with calcium hydroxide on infection in ppulpless teeth with periapical bone lesions. Int Endod J 2002;35:13-21.

Rush J, Sulte H, Cohen D, Makkaway H. Course of infection and case outcome in individuals diagnosed with microbial colonies morphologically consistent with actinomyces species. J Endodon 2002;28(8):613-618.

Weiger R, de Lucena J, Decker H, Lost C. Vitality status of microorganisms in infected human root dentine. Int Endod J 2002;35:166-171.

*Evans M, Davies J, Sundqvist G, Figdor D. Mechanisms involved in the resistance of enterococcus faecalis to calcium hydroxide. Int Endod J 2002;35:221-228.

Egan M, Spratt D, Ng Y-L, Lam J, Moles D, Gulabivala K. Prevalence of yeasts in saliva and root canals of teeth associated with apical periodontitis. Int Endod J 2002;35:321-329.

Trope M. Root resorption due to dental trauma. Endo Topics 2002;2002(1):79-100.

Siqueira JF, Rocas I, Moraes S, Santos K. Direct amplification of rRNA gene sequences for identification of selected oral pathogens in root canal infections. Int Endod J 2002;35:345-351.

Dorn B, Harris L, Wujick C, Vertucci F, Progulske-Fox A. Invasion of vascular cells in vitro by porphyromonas endodontalis. Int Endod J 2002;35:366-371.

Nelson-Filho P, Leonardo MR, Silva LAB, Assed S. Radiographic evaluation of the effect of endotoxin (OPS) plus calcium hydroxide on apical and periapicl tissues of dogs. J Endodon 2002;28(10):694-696.

Distel J, Hatton JF, Gillespie M. Biofilm formation in medicated root canals. J Endodon 2002;28(10):689-693.

Noiri Y, Ehara A, Kawahara T, Takemurs N, Ebisu S. Participation of bacterial biofilms in refractory and chronic periapical periodontitis. J Endodon 2002;28(10):679-683.

Siqueira J, J.F., Rocas I, Lopes H, Elias C, de Uzeda M. Fungal infection of the radicular dentin. J Endodon 2002;28(11):770-773.

Zamany A, Spangberg S. An effective method of inactivating chlorhexidine. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radio Endod 2002;93:617-20.

*Leonardo MR, Rossi M, Silva LAB, Ito I, Bonifacio KC. EM evaluation of bacterial biofilm and microorganisms on the apicl external root surface of human teeth. J Endodon 2002;28(12):815-818.

Peters L, Wesselink PR, van Winkelhoff A-J. Combinations of bacterial species in endodontic infections. Int Endod J 2002;35:698-702.

Towns ML, Reller LB. Diagnostic methods: current best practices and guidelines for isolation of bacteria and fungi in infective endocarditis. Infectious Disease Clinics of North America 2002;16(2).

Houpikian P, Raoult D. Diagnostic methods: current best practices and guidelines for identification of difficult-to-culture pathogens in infective endocarditis. Infectious Disease Clinics of North America 2002;16(2).

Houpikian P, Raoult D. Traditional and molecular techniques for the study of emerging bacterial diseases: one laboratory's perspective. Emerging Infectious Diseases 2002;8(2):122-131.

*Fouad AF, Barry J, Caimano M, Clawson M, Zhu Q, Carver R, et al. PCR-based identification of bacteria associated with endodontic infections. J Clin Microbiol 2002;40:3223-31.
19.          

*Munson M, Pitt-Ford T, Chong B, Weightman A, Wade W. Molecular and cultural analysis of the microflora associated with endodontic infections. J Dent Res 2002;81:761-6.

Rôças IN, Sequeira JFJ. Indentification of Dialister pneumosintes in acute periradicular abscesses of humans by nested PCR. Anaerobe 2002;8:75-8.

Hayashi H, Sakamoto M, Benno Y. Phylogenetic analysis of the human gut  microbiota using 16S rDNA clone libraries and strictly anaerobic culture-based methods. Microbiol Immunol 2002;46:535-48.

Kjelleberg S, Molin S. Is there a role for quorum sensing signals in bacterial biofilms? Curr Opin Microbiol 2002;5:254-8.

Martin FE, Hadkarni MA, Jacques NA, Hunter N. Quantitative microbiological study of human carious dentine by culture and real-time PCR: association of anaerobes with histopathological changes in chronic pulpitis. J Clin Microbiol 2002;40:1698-704.

Moraes SR, Siqueira JF, Rocas IN, Ferreira MC, Domingues RM. Clonality of Fusobacterium nucleatum in root canal infections. Oral Microbiol Immunol 2002;17:394-6.

Relman DA. New technologies, human-microbe interactions, and the search for previously unrecognized pathogens. J Infect Dis 2002;186:S254-S258.

Siqueira JF, Jr., Rocas IN. Dialister pneumosintes can be a suspected endodontic pathogen. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2002;94:494-8.

Wade W. Unculturable bacteria - the uncharacterized organisms that cause oral infections. J R Soc Med 2002;95:81-3.

Maltos S, Sobrinho A, Silva F, Nicoli J, de Carvalho M, Vieira L, et al. Bacterial concentrations determine the ability to implant in the root canal system and translocate to lymph nodes in germ-free mice. J Endodon 2003;29(1):24-27.

Siqueira JF, Jr., Rocas IN, Andrade AFB, de Uzeda M. Peptostreptococcus micros in primary endodontic infections as detected by 16S rDNA-based polymerase chain reaction. J Endodon 2003;29(2):111-113.

*Sabeti M, Simon J, Nowzari H, Slots J. Cytmegalovirus and Epstein-Barr virus active infection in periapical lesions of teeth with intact crowns. J Endodon 2003;29(5):321-323.

Siqueira JF, Jr., Rocas IN. Bacteroides forsythus in primary endodontic infections as detected by nested PCR. J Endodon 2003;29(6):390-393.

Siqueira JF, Jr., Rocas IN. Positive and negative bacterial associations involving dialister pneumosintes in primary endodontic infections. J Endodon 2003;29(7):438-441.

Pinheiro E, Gomes B, Ferraz C, Sousa E, Teixeira F, Souza-Filho FJ. Microorganisms from canals of root-filled teeth with periapical lesions. Int Endod J 2003;36:1-11.

*Baumgartner JC, Khemaleelakul S, Xia T. Identification of spirochetes (treponemes) in endodontic infections. J Endodon 2003;29(12):794-797.

Siqueira JF, Jr., Rocas IN. PCR-based identification of Treponema maltophilum, T. amylovorum, T. medium, and T. lecithinolyticum in primary root canal infections. Arch Oral Biol 2003;48:495-502.

Michailesco P, Boudeville P. Calibrated latex microspheres percolation: a possible route to model endodontic bacterial leakage. J Endodon 2003;29(7):456-462.

Siqueira JF, Jr., Rocas JN, Lopes HP, Magalhaes FAC, de Uzeda M. Elimination of candida albicans infection of the radicular dentin by intracanal medications. J Endodon 2003;29(8):501-504.

Desai MJ, Armstrong DW. Separation, identification, and characterization of microorganisms by capillary electrophoresis. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews 2003;67(1):38-51.

*Xia T, Baumgartner JC. Occurrence of Actinomyces in infections of endodontic origin. J Endodon 2003;29(9):549-552.

Chang Y-C, Huang F-M, Yang S-F, Liu C-M, Lai C-C, Chan Y, et al. Induction of cyclooxygenase-2mRNA and protein expression in human pulp cells stimulated with black-pigmented bacteroides. J Endodon 2003;29(4):240-243.

*Rôças IN, Siqueira J, J.F., Andrade AFB, Uzeda M. Oral treponemes in primary root canal infections as detected by nested PCR. Int Endod J 2003;36:20-26.

Mickel A, Sharma P, Chogle S. Effectiveness of stannous fluoride and calcium hydroxide against enterococcus faecalis. J Endodon 2003;29(4):259-260.

Gloffke W. Quantitative PCR update reviewing the latest trends and applications in quantitative, real-time PCR. The Scientist 2003;17(8):41-43.

Sabeti M, Valles Y, Nowzari H, Simon J, Kermani-Arab V, Slots J. Cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr virus DNA transcription in endodontic symptomatic lesions. Oral Microbiol Immunol 2003;18:104-108.

Siqueira JF, Jr. Taxonomic changes of bacteria associated with endodontic infections. J Endodon 2003;29(10):619-623.

Lin Y, Mickel A, Chogle S. Effectiveness of selected materials against enterococcus faecalis: part 3.  The antibacterial effect of calcium hydroxide and chlorhexidine on enterococcus faecalis. J Endodon 2003;29(9):565-566.

Siqueira JF, Jr., Rocas IN. Pseudoramibacter alactolyticus in primary endodontic infections. J Endodon 2003;29(11):735-738.

Thomas S, Eleazer P. Aerotolerance of an endodontic pathogen. J Endodon 2003;29(10):644-645.

Al-Nazhan S, Al-Judai A. Evaluation of antifungal activity of mineral trioxide aggregate. J Endodon 2003;29(12):826-827.

Siqueira JF, Jr., Rocas IN. Detection of Filifactor alocis in endodontic infections associated with different forms of periradicular diseases. Oral Microbiol Immunol 2003;18:263-5.

*Siqueira JF, Jr. Microbial causes of endodontic flare-ups. Int Endod J 2003;36:453-463.

*Chávez de Paz LE, Dahlen G, Molander A, Moller A, Bergenholtz G. Bacteria recovered from teeth with apical periodontitis after antimicrobial endodontic treatment. Int Endod J 2003;36:500-508.

Fouad AF, Kum K-Y, Clawson ML, Barry J, Abenoja C, Zhu Q, et al. Molecular characterization of the presence of Eubacterium ssp. and Streptococcus ssp. in endodontic infections. Oral Microbiol Immunol 2003;18:249-55.

Lee HC, Tirnady F. Blood evidence.  How DNA is revolutionizing the way we solve crimes. Cambridge, MA: Perseus Publishing; 2003.

Siqueira JF, Jr., Rocas IN. PCR methodology as a valuable tool for identification of endodontic pathogens. J Dent 2003;31:333-9.

Siqueira JF, Jr., Rocas IN. Polymerase chain reaction detection of Propionibacterium propionicus and Actinomyces radicidentis in primary and persistent endodontic infections. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2003;96:215-22.
Sixou M. Diagnostic testing as a supportive measure of treatment strategy. Oral Dis 2003;9 Suppl 1:54-62.

Tang G, Samaranayake LP, Yip H-K, Chu FCS, Tsang PCS, Cheung BPK. Direct detection of Actinomyces spp. from infected root canals in a Chinese population: a study using PCR-based, oligonucleotide-DNA hybridization technique. J Dent 2003;31:559-68.

de Sousa ELR, Ferraz CCR, Gomes BPFA, Pinheiro ET, Teixeira FB, de Souza-Filho FJ. Bacteriological study of root canals associated with periapical abscesses. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2003;96(3):332-9.

Slots J, Sabeti M, Simon JH. Herpesviruses in periapical pathosis: an etiopathogenic relationship? Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2003;96:327-31.

Waltimo T, Kuusinen M, Järvensivu A, Nyberg P, Väänänen A, Richardson M, et al. Examination of Candida spp. in refractory periapical granulomas. Int Endod J 2003;36:643-647.

Sen BH, Chugal NM, Liu H, Fleischmann J. A new method for studying the adhesion of Candida albicans to dentin in the presence of absence of smear layer. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2003;96:201-6.

Khemaleelakul S, Baumgartner JC, Pruksakorn S. Coaggregation of bacteria associated with acute endodontic infections. J Endodon in press 2004.

*Siqueira J, J.F., Rocas IN. Polymerase chain reaction-based analysis of microorganisms associated with failed endodontic treatment. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2004;97(1):85-94.

Coil J, Tam E, Waterfield JD. Proinflammatory cytokine profiles in pulp fibroblasts stimulated with lipopolysaccharide and methyl mercaptan. J Endodon 2004;30(2):88-91.
68.           Sabeti M, Slots J. Herpesviral-bacterial coinfection in periapical pathosis. J Endodon 2004;30(2):69-72.

Barroso LdS, Habitante SM, Jorge AOCJ, Faria IdS. Microorganisms growth in endodontic citric-acid solutions with and without microbiological stabilizer. J Endodon 2004;30(1):42-44.

Siqueira JF, Jr., Rocas IN. Nested PCR detection of Centipeda periodontii in primary endodontic infections. J Endodon 2004;30(3):135-137.

*Baumgartner JC, Siqueira J, J.F., Xia T, Rocas IN. Geographical differences in bacteria detected in endodontic infections using polymerase chain reaction. J Endodon 2004;30(3):141-144.

Zoetendal EG, Collier CT, Koike S, Mackie RI, Gaskins HR. Molecular ecological analysis of the gastrointestinal microbiota: a review. J Nutr 2004;134:465-72.

Lee W, Lim S, Son H-H, Bae K-S. Sonicated extract of Enterococcus faecalis induces irreversible cell cycle arrest in Phytohemagglutinin-activated human lymphocytes. J Endodon 2004;30(4):209-212.

McHugh CP, Zhang P, Michalek S, Eleazer PD. pH required to kill Enterococcus faecalis in vitro. J Endodon 2004;30(4):218-219.

Stowe TJ, Sedgley CM, Stowe B, Fenno JC. The effects of chlorhexidine gluconate (0.12%) on the antimicrobial properties of tooth-colored ProRoot mineral trioxide aggregate. J Endodon 2004;30(6):429-431.

Rôças IN, Jung I-Y, Lee C-Y, Siqueria J, J.F. Polymerase chain reaction identification of microorganisms in previously root-filled teeth in a South Korean population. J Endodon 2004;30(6):504-508.

Chan S, Mohammed N, Dobeck JM, White RR, Socransky SS, Skobe Z. Evaluation of the whole genome DNA-DNA hybridization technique to identigy bacteria in histological sections of periradicular lesions. J Endodon 2004;30(7):518-522.

*Kvist T, Molander A, Dahlén G, Reit C. Microbiological evaluation of one- and two-visit endodontic treatment of teeth with apical periodontitis: a randomized, clinical trial. J Endodon 2004;30(8):572-576.

Hahn C-L, Best AM, Tew JG. Comparison of type 1 and type 2 cytokine production by monomuclear cells cultured with Streptococcus mutans and selected other caries bacteria. J Endodon 2004;30(5):333-338.

Rôças IN, Siqueria J, JF, Santos KRN. Association of Enterococcus faecalis with different forms of periradicular diseases. J Endodon 2004;30(5):315-320.

Siqueria J, J.F., Rocas IN, Alves FRF, Santos KRN. Selected endodontic pathogens in the apical third of infected root canals: a molecular investigation. J Endodon 2004;30(9):638-643.

Baumgartner JC. Microbiologic aspects of endodontic infections. CDA 2004;32(6):459-468.

Baumgartner JC. Microbiological and molecular analysis of endodontic infections. Endo Topics 2004;7:35-51.

Son H-H, Lim S, Shon W, Kim H-S, Lee W. Effects of sonicated Enterococcus faecalis extracts on interleukin-2 and interleukin-4 production by human T cells. J Endodon 2004;30(10):701-703.

*Rôças IN, Siqueira J, J.F., Aboim MCR, Rosado AS. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis of bacterial communities associated with failed endodontic treatment. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2004;98(6):741-9.

Siqueria JF, Jr., Rôças IN. Simultaneous detection of Dialister pneumosintes  and Filifactor alocis in endodontic infections by 16S rDNA-directed multiplex PCR. J Endodon. 2004;30(12):851-4.

Sedgley C, Applegate B, Nagel A, Hall D. Real-time imaging and quantification of bioluminescent bacteria in root canals in vitro. J Endodon. 2004;30(12):893-8.

Chávez de Paz LE, Molander A, Dahlen G. Gram-positive rods prevailing in teeth with apical periodontitis undergoing root canal treatment. Int Endod J. 2004;37:579-87.

Yang L-C, Tsai C-H, Huang F-M, Su Y-F, Lai C-C, Liu C-M, et al. Induction of vascular endothelial growth factor expression in human pulp fibroblasts stimulated with black-pigmented Bacteroides. Int Endod J. 2004;37:588-92.

Stefanopoulos PK, Kolokotronis AE. The clinical significance of anaerobic bacteria in acute orofacial odontogenic infections. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2004;98:398-408.

Turner SR, Love RM, Lyons KM. An in-vitro investigation of the antibacterial effect of nisin in root canals and canal wall radicular dentine. Int Endod J. 2004;37:664-71.

Adib V, Spratt D, Ng Y-L, Gulabivala K. Cultivable microbial flora associated with persistent periapical disease and coronal leakage after root canal treatment: a preliminary study. Int Endod J. 2004;37:542-51.

Slots J, Nowzari H, Sabeti M. Cytomegalovirus infection in symptomatic periapical pathosis. Int Endod J. 2004;37:519-24.

Siqueira JF, Jr., Rôças IN, Rosado AS. Investigation of bacterial communities associated with asymptomatic and symptomatic endodontic infections by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis fingerprinting approach. Oral Microbiol Immunol. 2004;19:363-70.

Sedgley C, Clewell DB. Bacterial plasmids in the oral and endodontic microflora. Endo Topics. 2004;9:37-51.

Bergenholtz G, Dahlén G. Advances in the study of endodontic infections: introduction. Endo Topics. 2004;9:1-4.

Spratt DA. Significance of bacterial identification by molecular biology methods. Endo Topics. 2004;9:5-14.

Olsen I, Dahlén G. Salient virulence factors in anaerobic bacteria, with emphasis on their importance in endodontic infections. Endo Topics. 2004;9:15-26.

Svensäter G, Bergenholtz G. Biofilms in endodontic infections. Endo Topics. 2004;9:27-36.

Love RM. Invasion of dentinal tubules by root canal bacteria. Endo Topics. 2004;9:52-65.

Waltimo TMT, Haapasalo H, Zehnder M, Meyer J. Clinical aspects related to endodontic yeast infections. Endo Topics. 2004;9:66-78.

de Paz L. Gram-positive organisims in endodontic infections. Endo Topics. 2004;9:79-96.

Chu FCS, Tsang CSP, Chow TW. Identification of cultivable microorganisms from promary endodontic infections with exposed and unexposed pulp space. J Endodon. 2005;31(6):424-9.

Gomes BPFA, Pinheiro ET, Sousa ELR, Zaia AA, Ferraz CCR, Souza-Filho FJ. Porphyromonas gingivalis, Popphyromonas endodontalis, Prevotella intermedia and Prevotella nigrescens  in endodontic lesions detected by culture and by PCR. Oral Microbiol Immunol. 2005;20:211-5.

*Portenier I, Waltimo T, Ørstavik D, Haapasalo M. The susceptibility of starved, stationary phase, and growing cells of Enterococcus faecalis to endodontic medicaments. J Endodon. 2005;31(5):380-6.

Siqueira JF, Jr., Rôças IN. Exploiting molecular methods to explore endodontic infections: Part 1--current molecular technologies for microbiological diagnosis. J Endodon. 2005;31(6):411-23.

Fouad AF, Barry J. The effect of antibiotics and endodontic antimicrobials on the polymerase chain reaction. J Endodon. 2005;31(7):510-3.

Siqueira JF, Jr., Rôças IN. Exploiting molecular methods to explore endodontic infections: Part 2--redefining the endodontic microbiota. J Endodon. 2005;31(7):488-98.
28.           Hems RS, Gulabivala K, Ng Y-L, Ready D, Spratt DA. An in vitro evaluation of the ability of ozone to kill a strain of Enterococcus faecalis. Int Endod J. 2005;38:22-9.

Nair PNR, Henry S, Cano V, Vera J. Microbial status of apical root canal system of human mandibular first molars with primary apical periodontitis after "one-visit" endodontic treatment. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2005;99(2):231-52.

Al-Hezaimi K, Al-Hamdan K, Naghshbandi J, Oglesby S, Simon JHS, Rotstein I. Effect of white-colored mineral trioxide aggregate in different concentrations on Candida albicans in vitro. J Endodon. 2005;31(9):684-6.

Shon W, Lim S, Bae K-S, Baek S, Lee W. The expression of (alpha)4 integrins by human polymorphonuclear neutrophils in response to sonicated extracts of enterococcus faecalis. J Endodon. 2005;31(5):369-72.

Geijersstam AR, Sorsa T, Stackelberg S, Tervahartiala T, Haapasalo M. Effect or E. faecalis on the release of serine proteases elastase and cathepsin G, and collagenase-2 (MMP-8) by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs). Int Endod J. 2005;38:667-77.

Sedgley CM, Lennan SL, Appelbe OK. Survival of Enterococcus faecalis in root canals ex vivo. Int Endod J. 2005;38:735-42.

Huang F-M, Chen Y-J, Chou M-Y, Chang Y-C. Examination of the signal transduction pathways leading to upregulation of tissue type plasminogen activator by Porphyromonas endodontalis  in human pulp cells. Int Endo J. 2005;38:860-5.

Er K, Sümer Z, Akpinar KE. apical extrusion of intracanal bacteria following use of two engine-driven instrumentation techniques. Int Endo J. 2005;38:871-6.

Ates M, Akdeniz BG, Sen BH. The effect of calcium chelating or binding agents on Candida albicans. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2005;100(5):626-30.

Vianna ME, Horz H-P, Gomes BPFA, Conrads G. Microarrays complement culture methods for identification of bacteria in endodontic infections. Oral Microbiol Immunol. 2005;20:253-8.

Stuart CH, Schwartz SA, Beeson TJ, Owatz CB. Enterococcus faecalis: its role in root canal treatment failure and current concepts in retreatment. J Endodon. 2006;32(2):93-8.

Seol J-H, Cho B-H, Chung CP, Bae K-S. Multiplex polymerase chain reaction detection of black-pigmented bacteria in infections of endodontic origin. J Endodon. 2006;32(2):110-4.

Chu FCS, Leung WK, Tsang PCS, Chow TW, Samaranayake LP. Identification of cultivable microorganisms from root canals with apical periodontitis following two-visit endodontic treatment with antibiotics/steroid or calcium hydroxide dressings. J Endodon. 2006;32(1):17-23.

Ruff ML, McClanahan SB, Babel BS. In vitro antifungal efficacy of four irrigants as a final rinse. J Endodon. 2006;32(4):331-3.

Ogawa AT, de Sousa TdACB, de Uzeda M, Jankevicius JV, Jankevicius SI. Characterization of proteolytic activities of Fusobacterium nucleatum. J Endodon. 2006;32(6):521-3.

Kowalski WJ, Kasper EL, Hatton JF, Murray BE, Nallapareddy SR. Enterococcus faecalis adhesin, ace, mediates atachment to particulate dentin. J Endodon. 2006;32(7):634-41.

Luckey JB, Barfield RD, Eleazer PD. Bacterial count comparisons on examination gloves from freshly opened boxes versus nearly empty boxes and from examination gloves before treatment versus after dental dam isolation. J Endodon. 2006;32(7):646-8.

Giardino L, Pontieri F, Savoldi E, Tallarigo F. Aspergillus mycetoma of the maxillary sinus secondary to overfilling of a root canal. J Endod. 2006;32(7):692-4.

Roth TP, Whitney SI, Walker SG, Friedman S. Microbial contamination of endodontic files received from the manufacturer. J Endod. 2006;32(7):649-51.

Sedgley C, Nagel A, Dahlén G, Reit C, Molander A. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain rection and culture analyses of Enterococcus faecalis in root canals. J Endod. 2006;32(3):173-7.

Khemaleelakul S, Baumgartner JC, Pruksakom S. Autoaggregation and coaggregation of bacteria associated with acute endodontic infections. J Endod. 2006;32(4):312-8.

Zoletti gO, Siqueira J, J.F., Santos KRN. Identification fo Enterococcus faecalis in root-filled teeth with or without periradicular lesions by culture-dependent and--independent approaches. J Endod. 2006;32(8):722-6.

Williams JM, Trope M, Caplan DJ, Shugars DC. Detection and quantitation of E. faecalis by real-time PCR (qPCR), reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCE), and cultivation during endodontic treatment. J Endod. 2006;32(8):715-21.

Rôças IN, Siqueira J, J.F. Culture-independent detection of eikenella corrodens and veillonella parvula in primary endodontic infections. J Endod. 2006;32(6):509-12.

Gomes BPFA, Jacinto RC, Pinheiro ET, Sousa ELR, Zaia AA, Ferraz CCR, et al. Molecular analysis of Filifactor alocis, Tannerella forsythis, and Treponema denticola associated with primary endodontic infections and failed endodontic treatment. J Endo. 2006;32(10):937-40.

Johnson EM, Flannagan SE, Sedgley CM. Coaggregation interactions between oral and endodontic Enterococcus faecalis and bacterial species isolated from persistent apical periodontitis. J Endo. 2006;32(10):946-50.

Jacinto RC, Gomes BPFA, Shah HN, Ferraz CCR, Zaia AA, Souza-Filho FJ. incidence and antimicrobial susceptibility of Porphyromonas gingivalis isolated from mixed endodontic infections. Int Endod J. 2006;39:62-70.

Al-Hezaimi K, Al-Shalan TA, Ngaghshbandi J, Oglesby S, Simon JHS, Rotstein I. Antibacterial effect of two mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) preparations against Enterococcus faecalis and Streptococcus sanguis in vitro. J  Endod. 2006;32(11):1053-6.

Rôças IN, Siqueira JF, Jr. Characterization of Dialister species in infected root canals. J  Endod. 2006;32(11):1057-61.

ENDODONTIC LITERATURE REVIEW

Immunology of the Pulp and Periapex

February 14, 2007

Objectives:

• Describe the cells in the pulp and periapex involved in immunological reactions.
• Understand the significance of immunological reactions and infections of endodontic origin.
• Describe immunological reactions that are protective and reactions that are pathogenic.

* Read for classic literature seminar

Kennedy DR, Hamilton TR, Syverton JT. Effects on monkeys of introduction of hemolytic streptococci into root canals. J Dent Res 1957;36:496-506.

*Barnes GW, Langeland K. Antibody formation in primates following introduction of antigens into the root canal. J Dent Res 1966;45:1111-1114.

Schein, B. and Schilder, H.  Endotoxin content in endondontically involved teeth.  J. Endo.  1:19  '75 

Pulver, W.  et al.  Immune components in normal and inflamed human dental pulp.  Archs Oral Bio  22:103  '77

*Bergenholtz, G.  et al.  Experimental pulpitis in immunized monkeys.  Scand J Dent Res.  85:396  '77   

Kuntz, D.  et al.  Localization of immunoglobins and the third component of complement in dental periapical lesions. J. Endodon 3:68  '77

Morton, T.  et al.  Role of immune complexes in human periapical periodontitis.  J Endodon  3:261  '77 

Speer, M.  et al.  Quantitative evaluation of the immunocompetence of the dental pulp.   J Endodon  3:418  '77

*Pulver, W.  et al.  Immune components in human dental periapical lesions.  Archs. Oral Bio.  23:435  '78       

Block, R.,  et al.  Antibody formation to dog pulp tissue altered by AH-26 sealer via the root canal.  Oral Surg.  48:169  '79

Torabinejad, M.,  et al.  Evaluation of systemic immunological reactions to AH-26 root canal sealer.  J Endodon  5:196  '79

Stuart, W.,  et al.  Humoral response to endodontic cements.   J Endodon  5:214  '79   

*Torabinejad,M. and Kiger, R.  Experimentally induced alterations in periapical tissues of the cat.  J. Dent. Res.  59:87  '80

Jones, O. and Lally, E.  Biosynthesis of immunoglobulin isotypes in human periapical lesions. J Endodon 6:672  '80

Okamura, K.  et al.  Dentinal response against carious invasion: Localization of antibodies in odontoblastic body and process. J. Dent. Res.  59:1368  '80

Adamkiewicz, V. and Pekovic, D.  Experimental pulpal arthus allergy.  Oral Surg.  50:450  '80

Dwyer, T. and Torabinejad, M.  Radiographic and histologic evaluation of the effect of endotoxin on the periapical tissues of the cat.  J Endodon  7:31-35, 1981

Stern, M.  et al.  Antibody-producing cells in human periapical granulomas and cysts.   J Endodon 7:447  '81

*Stern MH, Dreizen S, Mackler BF, Selbst AG, Levy BM. Quantitative analysis of cellular composition of human periapical granuloma. J Endodon 1981;7:117-122.

Dahlen, G.  et al.  Apical periodontitis induced by selected bacterial strains in root canals of immunized and nonimmunized monkeys.  Scand. J. Dent. Res.  90:207  '82

*Dahlen, G.  et al.  Circulating antibodies after experimental chronic infection in the root canal of teeth in monkeys.  Scand. J. Dent. Res.  90:338  '82

Pitts, D.  et al.  Investigation of the role of endotoxin in periapical inflammation.  J. Endodon  8:10  '82

Longwill,D.  et al.  Reactivity of human lymphocytes to pulp antigens. J. Endo.  8:27  '82

Johannessen, A.  et al. Deposits of immunoglobulins and complement factor C3 in human dental periapical inflammatory lesions.  Scand. J. Dent. Res.  91:191  '83

Torabinejad, M.  et al.  Quantitation of circulating immune complexes IgG and IgM, and C3 complement component in patients with large periapical lesions.  Oral Surg.  55:186  '83

Svetcov, S.  et al.  Serum immunoglobulin levels and bacterial flora in subjects with acute oro-facial swellings.  J. Endodon  9:233  '83

Cymerman, J.  et al.  Human T lymphocyte subpopulations in chronic periapical lesions.  J. Endodon  10:9-11, 1984

Nilson R, Skaug N, Matre R. In situ characterization of mononuclear cells in human dental periapical inflammatory lesions using monoclonal antibodies. Oral Surg 1984;58:160-165.

Farnoush, A.  Mast cells in human dental pulp.  J. Endodon  10:250  '84

Pekovic, D. and Fillery, E.  Identification of bacteria in immunopathologic mechanisms of human dental pulp.  Oral Surg.  57:652  '84

Kettering, J. and Torabinejad, M.  Concentrations of Immune complexs, IgG, IgM,IgE, and C3 in patients with acute apical abscesses.   J Endodon 10:417  '84

Johannessen, A.  et al.  Enzyme histochemical characterization of mononuclear cells in human dental periapical chronic inflammatory lesions.Scand J Dent Res 92:325, 1984

*Torabinejad M, Kettering JD. Identification and relative concentration of B and T lymphocytes in human chronic periapical lesions. J Endodon 1985;11:122-125.

Torabinejad M, Eby WC, Naidorf IJ. Inflammatory and immunological aspects of the pathogenesis of human periapical lesions. J Endodon 1985;11:479-488.

Perrini, N. and Fonzi,L.  Mast cells in human periapical lesions: Ultrastructural aspects and their possible physiopathological implications.  J Endodon  11:197  '85

Nevins, A.  et al.  Sensitization via IgE-mediated mechanism in patients with chronic periapical lesions.  J Endodon  11:228  '85

Shinoda, S., et al.  Immunopathological role of pulpal tissue components in peiapical pathosis. I. Detection of "New" antigens in modified dog pulpal extracts.  J Endodon  12:388  '86

Shinoda, S. et al. Immunopathological role of pulpal tissue         components in periapical pathosis. II. Specificities of antigenic determinants on modified serum albumins. J Endodon 12:528 ‘86

*Jontell M, Gunraj MN, Bergenholtz G. Immunocompetent cells in the normal dental pulp. J Dent Res 1987;66:1149-1153.

Falkler, W., et al.  Reaction of pulpal immunoglobulins to oral microorganisms by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.  J. Endodon  13:260  '87

Babál P, Soler P, Brozman M, Jakubovsky J, Beyly M, Basset F. In situ characterization of cells in periapical granuloma by monoclonal antibodies. Oral Surg 1987;64:348-352.

Contos JG, Corcoran JF, LaTurno SAL, Chiego DJ. Langerhans cells in apical periodontal cysts:  an immunohistochemical study. J Endodon 1987;13:52-55.

Pantera EA, Zambon JJ, Shih-Levine M. Indirect immunofluorescence for the detection of Bacteroides  species in human dental pulp. J Endodon 1988;14:218-223.

*Barkhordar, R. and Desouza, Y.  Human T-lymphocyte subpopulations in periapical lesions.  Oral Surg.  65:763  '88

Gerner, N., et al.  Endodontic treatment and immunopathology of periapical granuloma in an AIDS patient.  Endo Dent Traumatol  4:127, 1988

*Hahn CL, Falkler WA Jr., Siegel MA. A study of T and B cells in pulpal pathosis. J Endodon 1989;15:20-26.

Kopp, W. and Schwarting, R.  Differentiation of T lymphocyte subpopulations, macrophages, and HLA-DR restricted cells of apical granulation tissue.  J Endodon  15:72  '89

Horiba N, Maekawa Y, Matsumoto T, Nakamura H. A study of the distribution of endotoxin in the dentinal wall of infected root canals. J Endodon 1990;16:331-334.

Lukic A, Arsenijevic N, Vujanic G, Ramic Z. Quantitative analysis of the immunocompetent cells in periapical granuloma:  correlation with the histological characteristics of the lesions. J Endodon 1990;16:119-122.

Trowbridge, H.  Immunological aspects of chronic inflammation and repair.  J Endodon  16:54, 1990

Barnett F, Stevens R, Tronstad L. Demonstration of Bacteroides intermedius in periapical tissue using indirect immunofluorescence microscopy. Endod Dent Traumatol 1990;6:153-156.

*Stashenko P. The role of immune cytokines in the pathogenesis of periapical lesions. Endod Dent Traumatol 1990;6:89-96.

Baumgartner JC, Falkler WA. Detection of immunoglobulins from explant cultures of periapical lesions. J  Endodon 1991;17(3):105-110.

Horiba N, Maekawa Y, Abe Y, Ito M, Matsumoto T, Nakamura H. Correlations between endotoxin and clinical symptoms or radiolucent areas in infected root canals. Oral Surg 1991;71:492-495.

Bergenholtz G, Nagaoka S, Jontell M. Class II antigen expressing cells in experimentally induced pulpitis. Int Endod J 1991;24:8-14.

*Baumgartner, J.C. and Falkler, W.A.  Reactivity of IgG from Explant Cultures of Periapical Lesions with with Implicated Microorganisms.  J. Endodon 1991, 17 (5) 207-212.

Baumgartner JC, Falkler WA. Biosynthesis of IgG in periapical lesion explant cultures. J Endodon 1991;17:143-146.

Eftimiadi C, Stashenko P, Tonetti M, et al. Divergent effect of the anaerobic bacteria by-product butyric acid on the immune response:  suppression of T-lymphocyte proliferation and stimulation of interleukin-1 beta production. Oral Microbiol Immunol 1991;6:17-23.

Kettering JD, Torabinejad M, Jones SL. Specificity of antibodies present in human periapical lesions. J Endodon 1991;17:213-216.

Piattelli a, Artese L, Rosini S, Quaranta M, Musiani P. Immune cells in periapical granuloma:  Morphological and immunohistochemical characterization. J Endodon 1991;17:26-29.

*Safavi KE, Rossomando EF. Tumor necrosis factor identified in periapical tissue exudates of teeth with apical periodontitis. J Endodon 1991;17:12-14.

Baumgartner, J.C., Falkler, W.A. Jr.  Experimentally induced infection by oral anaerobic microorganisms in a mouse model.  Oral Micro and Immun.1992 7:253-256.
           
Baumgartner, J.C., Falkler, W.A. Jr.  Serum IgG reactive with bacteria implicated in infections of endodontic origin.  Oral Micro and Immun.1992 7:106-110.

Kurihara H, Kobayashi Y, Francisco IA, Isoshima O, Nagai A, Murayama Y. A microbiological and immunological study of endodontic-periodontic lesions. J Endodon 1995; 21 (12): 617-621.

*Fouad A. IL-1a and TNF-a expression in early periapical lesions of normal and immunodeficient mice. J Dent Res 1997;76(9):1548-1554.

Jontell M, Okiji T, Dahlgren U, Bergenholtz G. Immune defense mechanisms of the dental pulp. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med 1998; 9 (2): 179-200.

Stashenko P. , Teles R., D’Souza. R. P.eriapical Inflammatory Responses and Their Modulation. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med 1998; 9 (4):498-521.(1-9)

Knowles K, Ibarrola J, Ludlow M, Anderson J, Newcomb B. Rubber latex allergy and the endodontic patient. J Endodon 1998;24(11):760-762.

*Kleier D, Shibilski K. Management of the latex hypersenstive patient in the endodontic office. J Endodon 1999;25(12):825-828.

Lin S-K, Hong C-Y, Chank H-H, Chiang C-P, Chen C-S, Jeng J-H, et al. Immunolocalization of macrophages and transforming growth factor-b1 in induced rat periapical lesions. J Endodon 2000;26(6):335-340.

*Metzger Z. Macrophages in periapical lesions. Endod Dent Traumatol 2000;16:1-8.

Takeichi O, Hayashi M, Tsurumachi T, Tomita T, Ogihara H, Ogiso B, et al. Inducible nitric oxide synthase activity by interferon-y-producing cells in human radicular cysts. Int Endod J 1999;32(2):124-130.

Tasman F, Er N, Atac A, Dagdeviren A, Kendir B. CD45/isotypes expression in the immune cells of human periapical lesions. J Endodon 2000;26(3):166-168.

Kaneko T, Okiji T, Kan L, Takagi M, Suda H. Ultrastructural analysis of MHC clall II molecule-expressing cells in experimentally induced periapical lesions in the rat. J Endodon 2001;27(5):337-342.

Levine D, Witherspoon D, Gutmann J, Iacopino A. Interleukin-1B production in periradicular lesions in a human immunodeficency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome model compared with a noninfected host. J Endodon 2001;27(8):499-502.

Levine D, Gutmann J, Witherspoon D, Nunn M, Wiggs R. Feline immunodeficiency virus model to study human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome conditions. J Endodon 2001;27(7):467-469.

Levine D, Witherspoon D, Gutmann J, Nunn M, Newmam J, Iacopino A. The effect of FIV infection on CD4+ and CD8+ counts in periradicular lesions. Int Endod J 2001;34:586-593.

Barkhordar R, Ghani Q, Russell T, Hussain M. Interleukin-1B activity and collagen syntheses in human dental pulp fibroblasts. J Endodon 2002;28(3):157-159.

Nakamura K, Yamasaki M, Nishigaki N, Iwama A, Imaizumi I, Nakamura H, et al. Effect of methotrexate-induced neutropenia on pulpal inflammation in rats. J Endodon 2002;28(4):287-290.

Hayashi H, Sakamoto M, Benno Y. Phylogenetic analysis of the human gut  microbiota using 16S rDNA clone libraries and strictly anaerobic culture-based methods. Microbiol Immunol 2002;46:535-48.

Jaber L, Swaim W, Dionne R. Immunohistochemical localization of u-Opioid receptors in human dental pulp. J Endodon 2003;29(2):108-110.

Behnia A, Zhang L, Charles M, Gold MS. Changes in TrkB-like immunoreactivity in rat trigeminal ganglion after tooth injury. J Endodon 2003;29(2):135-140.

*Matsuo T, Shirakami T, Ozaki K, Nakanishi T, Yumoto H, Ebisu S. An immunohistological study of the localization of bacteria invading root pulpal walls of teeth with periapical lesions. J Endodon 2003;29(3):194-200.

*Bowles WR, Withrow JC, Lepinski AM, Hargreaves KM. Tissue levels of immunoreactive substance P are increased in patients with irreversible pulpitis. J Endodon 2003;29(4):265-267.

*Azuero-Holguin MM, Leal-Fernandez MC, Restrepo-Mejia LM, Velandiz-Daza G, Guzman-Quimbayo F, Urquiza-Martinez M. Identification and quantification of vasoactive intestinal peptide in periradicular lesions. J Endodon 2003;29(9):557-558.

*Liapatas S, Nakou M, Rontogianni D. Inflammatory infiltrate of chronic periradicular lesions: an immunohistochemical study. Int Endod J 2003;36:464-471.

Garcia JMQ, Martins MD, Jaeger RG, Marques MM. Immunolocalization of bone extracellular matrix proteins (type I collagen, osteonectin and bone sialoprotein) in human dental pulp and cultured pulp cells. Int Endod J 2003;36:404-410.

*de Sá AR, Pimenta FJGS, Dutra WO, Gomez RS. Immunolocalization of interleukin 4, interleukin 6, and lymphotoxin a in dental granulomas. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2003;96(3):356-360.

*Tuncer LI, Alacam T, Oral B. Substance P expression is elevated in inflamed human periradicular tissue. J Endodon 2004;30(5):329-332.

*Ledesma-Montes C, Garcés-Ortiz M, Rosales-García G, Hernández-Guerrero JC. Importance of mast cells in human periapical inflammatory lesions. J Endodon. 2004;30(12):855-9.

*Tokuda M, Miyamoto R, Nagaoka S, Torii M. Substance P enhances expression of lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory factors in dental pulp cells. J Endod. 2004;30(11):770-4.