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ENDODONTIC
LENGTH DETERMINATION
ENDODONTIC CLASSIC LITERATURE
FALL 2007
OBJECTIVES:
After completion of this seminar the graduate student should be able to:(with appropriate citation of the literature.)
- List and describe the various methods for determining working length.
- Compare the accuracy of radiographs vs. electronic apex locators in determining working lengths.
- List the indications and contra-indications for the use of E.A.L.’s.
- List the potential errors and inaccuracies inherent in the use of E.A.L.’s and radiographs for working length determination.
- Compare and contrast the paralleling and bisecting the angle technique as they pertain to working length determination.
Custer LE. Exact methods of locating the apical foramen. J Natl Dent
Assoc 1918;5:815-819.
Sunada I. New method for measuring the length of the root canal. J Dent Res 1962;41:375-387.
O'Neil LJ. A clinical evaluation of electronic root canal measurement. Oral Surg 1974;38:469-473.
Bramante CM, Berbert A. A critical evaluation of some methods of determining root canal length. Oral Surg 1974;37:463-473.
Caldwell JL. Change in working length following instrumentation of molar canals. Oral Surg 1976;41(1):114-118.
Fouad AF, Krell KV, McKendry DJ, Koorbusch GF, Olson RA. A clinical evaluation of five electronic root canal length measuring instruments. J Endodon 1990; 16:446-449
McDonald NJ. The electronic determination of working length. Dent Clin N Am 1992;36:293-307
Mayeda DL, Simon JH, Aimar DF, and Finley K. In vivo measurment accuracy in vital and necrotic canals with the endex apex locator. J Endodon. 1993;19:545-548
Ellingsen MA, Hollender LG, Harrington GW. Radiovisiography versus conventional radiography for detection of small instruments in endodontic length determination. II. In vivo evaluation. J Endodon 1995;21:516-520
Kobayashi C. Electronic canal length measurement. Oral Surg
1995;79:226-31
Nguyen HQ, Kaufman AY, Komorowski RC, Friedman S. Electronic length measurement using small and large files in enlarged canals. Int Endod J 1996;29:359-364
Pratten DH, McDonald NJ. Comparison of radiographic and electronic working lengths. J Endodon 1996;22:173-176
Pilot TF, Pitts DL. Determination of impedance changes at varying frequencies in relation to root canal file position and irrigant. J Endodon 1997;23:719-724
Dunlap CA, Remeikis NA, BeGole EA, Rauschenberger CR. An invivo evaluation of an electronic apex locator that uses the ratio method in vital and necrotic canals. J Endodon 1998;24:48-50
Davis RD, Marshall JG, Baumgartner JC. Effect of early coronal flaring on working length change in curved canals using rotary nickel-titanium versus stainless steel files. J Endodon 2002;28:438-442
ElAyouti A, weiger R, Lost C. The ability of root zx apex locator to reduce the frequency of oversestimated radiographic working length. J Endod 2002;28:116-119
Welk AR, Baumgartner JC, Marshall JG. An in vivo comparison of two frequency-based electronic apex locators. J Endod 2003:29;497-500
Tselnik M, Baumgartner JC, Marshall JG. An evaluation of root zx and elements diagnostic apex locators. J Endod 2005;31:507-509
Venturi M, Breschi L. A comparison between two electronic apex locators: an invivo investigation. Int Endod J 2005;38:36-45
Haffner C, Folwaczny M, Galler K, Hickel R. Accuracy of electronic apex locators in comparison to actual length-an invivo study. J Dent 2005;33:619-625
Williams CB, Joyce AP, Roberts S. A comparison between in vivo radiographic working length determination and measurement after extraction. J Endod 2006;32:624-627
Wilson BL, Broberg C, JC Baumgartner, Harris C, Kron J. Safety of electronic apex locators and pulp testers in patients with implanted cardiac pacemakers or cardioverter/defibrillators. J Endod 2006;32:847-852.
Optional
Vande Voorde HE, Bjorndahl AM. Estimating endodontic "working length" with paralleling radiographs. Oral Surg 1969;27:106-110.
Heling B, Karmon A. Determinating tooth length with bisecting angle radiographs. J Brit Endo Soc 1976;9:75-79.
Ushiyama J. New principle and method for measuring the root canal length. J Endodon 1983;9(3):97 - 105.
Stein TJ, Corcoran JF, Zillich RM. The influence of the major and minor foramen diameters on apical electronic probe measurements. J Endodon 1990;16:520 - 522.
Vande Voorde HE, Bjorndahl AM. Estimating endodontic "working length" with paralleling radiographs. Oral Surg 1969;27:106-110.
Palmer MJ. Position of the apical foramen in relation to endodontic therapy. J Canad Dent Assn 1971;37(8).
Von der Lehr WN, Marsh RA. A radiographic study of the point of endodontic egress. Oral Surg 1973;35:105.
Inoue N. An audiometric method for determining the length of root canals. J Canad Dent Assn 1973;39:630-636.
Blank LW, Tenca JI, Pelleu GB. Reliability of electronic measuring devices in endodontic therapy. J Endodon 1975;1:141 - 144.
Seidberg B H., Alibrandi BV, Fine H, Logue B. Clinical investigation of measuring working lengths of root canals with an electronic device and with digital-tactile sense. J Am Dent Ass 1975;90:379.
Plant JJ, Newman RF. Clinical evaluation of the sono-explorer. J Endodon 1976;2:215 - 216.
Busch LR, Chiat LR, Goldstein LG, Held SA, Rosenberg PA. Determination of the accuracy of the sono-explorer for establishing endodontic measurement control. J Endodon 1976;2(10):295 - 297.
Larheim TA, Eggen S. Determination of tooth length with a standardized paralleling technique and calibrated radiographic measuring film. Oral Surg 1979;48:374-378.
Kaufman AY, Heling B, Sechaiek M. What apex does the sono-explorer really read. Quintessence Int 1979;12:63 - 71.
Chunn CB, Zardiackas LD, Menke RA. In vivo root canal length determination using the forameter. J Endodon 1981;7(11):515 - 520.
Trope M, Rabie G, Tronstad L. Accuracy of an electronic apex locator under controlled clinical conditions. Endo Dent Traumatol 1985;1(4):142 - 145.
Hasegawa K. A new method and apparatus for measuring root canal length. J Nihon Unn S Dent 1986;28.
Nahmias Y, Aurelio JA, Gerstein H. An in vitro model for evaluation of electronic root canal length measuring devices. J Endodon 1987; 13(5):209-214
Forsberg J. A comparison of the paralleling and bisecting-angle radiograhic techniques in endodontics. Int Endod J 1987;20(4):177 - 182. Fouad AF, Krell KV. An in vitro comparison of five root canal length measuring instruments. J Endodon 1989;15(12):573 - 577.
Kaufman AY, Szajkis S. The efficiency and realiability of the dentometer for detecting root canal length. Oral Surg 1989;67(5):573-577.
McDonald NJ, Hovland EJ. An evaluation of the apex locator endocater. J Endodon 1990;16(1):5 - 8.
Stein TJ, Corcoran JF. Nonionizing method of locating the apical constriction (minor foramen) in root canals. Oral Surg 1991;71:96-99.
Ricard O, Roux D, Bourdeau L, Woda A. Clinical evaluation of the accuracy of the evident mark II apex locator. J Endodon 1991;17:567-569
Kaufman AY, Fuss Z, Keila S, Waxenberg S. Reliability of different electronic apex locators to detect root perforationsin vitro. Int Endodon J 1997;30:403-407
Lauper R, Lutz F, Barbakow F. An in vivo comparison of gradient and absolute impedance electronic apex locators. J Endodon 1996;22:260-263
Czerw RJ, Fulkerson MS, Donnelly JC, Walmann JO. In vitro evaluation of the accuracy of several electronic apex locators. J Endodon 1995;21:572-575
Huang L. An experimental study of the principle of electronic root canal measurement. J Endodon 1987;13(2):60 - 64.
Hembrough JH, Weine FS, Pisano JV, Eskoz N. Accuracy of an electonic apex locator: a clinical evaluation in maxillary molars. J Endodon 1993;19:242-246
Pagavino G, Pace R, Baccetti T. A sem study of in vivo accuracy of the Root ZX electronic apex locator. J Endodon 1998;24:438-441
Ong EY, Pitt Ford TR. Comparison of radiovisiography with radiographic film in root length determination. Int Endod J 1995;28:25-29
De Moor RJG, Hommez GMG, Martens LC, De Boever JG. Accuracy of four electronic apex locators: an in vitro evaluation. Endodon Dent Traumatol 1999;15:77-82
Martinez-Lozano MA, Forner-Navarro L, Sanchez-Cortez JL, Llena-puy C. Methodological considerations in the determination of working length. Int Endod J 2001;34:371-376
Gutmann JL, Leonard JE. Problem solving in endodontic working-length determination. Compend 1995;16:288-302
Pallares A, and Faus V. An invivo comparitive study of two apex locators. J Endodon 1994;20:576-579
Berman LH, Fleischman SB. Evaluation of the accuracy of the neosono-D electronic apex locator. J Endodon 1984;10(4):164 - 167.
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