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Portland, OR 97239

ENDODONTIC LENGTH DETERMINATION
ENDODONTIC CLASSIC LITERATURE
FALL 2007

OBJECTIVES:

After completion of this seminar the graduate student should be able to:(with appropriate citation of the literature.)

  • List and describe the various methods for determining working length.
  • Compare the accuracy of radiographs vs. electronic apex locators in determining working lengths.
  • List the indications and contra-indications for the use of E.A.L.’s.
  • List the potential errors and inaccuracies inherent in the use of E.A.L.’s and radiographs for working length determination.
  • Compare and contrast the paralleling and bisecting the angle technique as they pertain to working length determination.
  • Custer LE. Exact methods of locating the apical foramen. J Natl Dent
                Assoc 1918;5:815-819.

                Sunada I. New method for measuring the length of the root canal. J Dent         Res 1962;41:375-387.

                O'Neil LJ. A clinical evaluation of electronic root canal measurement. Oral Surg 1974;38:469-473.

                Bramante CM, Berbert A. A critical evaluation of some methods of determining root canal length. Oral Surg 1974;37:463-473.

                Caldwell JL. Change in working length following instrumentation of molar        canals. Oral Surg 1976;41(1):114-118.

                Fouad AF, Krell KV, McKendry DJ, Koorbusch GF, Olson RA.  A clinical                     evaluation of five electronic root canal length measuring instruments.  J                 Endodon 1990; 16:446-449

                McDonald NJ. The electronic determination of working length. Dent Clin N      Am 1992;36:293-307

                Mayeda DL, Simon JH, Aimar DF, and Finley K.  In vivo measurment accuracy in vital and necrotic canals with the endex apex locator.  J Endodon.  1993;19:545-548

                Ellingsen MA, Hollender LG, Harrington GW.  Radiovisiography versus                       conventional radiography for detection of small instruments in endodontic                  length determination.  II. In vivo evaluation.  J Endodon 1995;21:516-520
               
                Kobayashi C. Electronic canal length measurement. Oral Surg
                1995;79:226-31

                Nguyen HQ, Kaufman AY, Komorowski RC, Friedman S. Electronic length     measurement using small and large files in enlarged canals. Int Endod J                    1996;29:359-364

                Pratten DH, McDonald NJ. Comparison of radiographic and electronic working lengths. J Endodon 1996;22:173-176

                Pilot TF, Pitts DL.  Determination of impedance changes at varying frequencies in relation to root canal file position and irrigant. J Endodon 1997;23:719-724

                Dunlap CA, Remeikis NA, BeGole EA, Rauschenberger CR.  An invivo evaluation of an electronic apex locator that uses the ratio method in vital and necrotic canals.  J Endodon 1998;24:48-50

                Davis RD, Marshall JG, Baumgartner JC.  Effect of early coronal flaring on working length change in curved canals using rotary nickel-titanium versus stainless steel files.  J Endodon 2002;28:438-442

                ElAyouti A, weiger R, Lost C.  The ability of root zx apex locator to reduce the frequency of oversestimated radiographic working length.  J Endod 2002;28:116-119

                Welk AR, Baumgartner JC, Marshall JG.  An in vivo comparison of two frequency-based electronic apex locators.  J Endod 2003:29;497-500

                Tselnik M, Baumgartner JC, Marshall JG.  An evaluation of root zx and elements diagnostic apex locators.  J Endod 2005;31:507-509

                Venturi M, Breschi L.  A comparison between two electronic apex locators: an invivo investigation.  Int Endod J 2005;38:36-45

                Haffner C, Folwaczny M, Galler K, Hickel R.  Accuracy of electronic apex locators in comparison to actual length-an invivo study.  J Dent 2005;33:619-625

                Williams CB, Joyce AP, Roberts S.  A comparison between in vivo radiographic working length determination and measurement after extraction.  J Endod 2006;32:624-627

                Wilson BL, Broberg C, JC Baumgartner, Harris C, Kron J.  Safety of electronic apex locators and pulp testers in patients with implanted cardiac pacemakers or cardioverter/defibrillators.  J Endod 2006;32:847-852.

    Optional
                Vande Voorde HE, Bjorndahl AM. Estimating endodontic "working length" with paralleling radiographs. Oral Surg 1969;27:106-110.
                Heling B, Karmon A. Determinating tooth length with bisecting angle                radiographs. J Brit Endo Soc 1976;9:75-79.
                Ushiyama J. New principle and method for measuring the root canal length. J Endodon 1983;9(3):97 - 105.
                Stein TJ, Corcoran JF, Zillich RM. The influence of the major and minor foramen diameters on apical electronic probe measurements. J Endodon 1990;16:520 - 522.
                Vande Voorde HE, Bjorndahl AM. Estimating endodontic "working length" with paralleling radiographs. Oral Surg 1969;27:106-110.
                Palmer MJ. Position of the apical foramen in relation to endodontic therapy. J Canad Dent Assn 1971;37(8).
                Von der Lehr WN, Marsh RA. A radiographic study of the point of endodontic egress. Oral Surg 1973;35:105.
                Inoue N. An audiometric method for determining the length of root canals. J Canad Dent Assn 1973;39:630-636.
                Blank LW, Tenca JI, Pelleu GB. Reliability of electronic measuring devices in endodontic therapy. J Endodon 1975;1:141 - 144.
                Seidberg B H., Alibrandi BV, Fine H, Logue B. Clinical investigation of measuring working lengths of root canals with an electronic device and with digital-tactile sense. J Am Dent Ass 1975;90:379.
                Plant JJ, Newman RF. Clinical evaluation of the sono-explorer. J Endodon      1976;2:215 - 216.
                Busch LR, Chiat LR, Goldstein LG, Held SA, Rosenberg PA. Determination of the accuracy of the sono-explorer for establishing endodontic measurement control. J Endodon 1976;2(10):295 - 297.
                Larheim TA, Eggen S. Determination of tooth length with a standardized paralleling technique and calibrated radiographic measuring film. Oral Surg 1979;48:374-378.
                Kaufman AY, Heling B, Sechaiek M. What apex does the sono-explorer really read. Quintessence Int 1979;12:63 - 71.
                Chunn CB, Zardiackas LD, Menke RA. In vivo root canal length determination using the forameter. J Endodon 1981;7(11):515 - 520.
                Trope M, Rabie G, Tronstad L. Accuracy of an electronic apex locator under controlled clinical conditions. Endo Dent Traumatol 1985;1(4):142 - 145.
                Hasegawa K. A new method and apparatus for measuring root canal length. J Nihon Unn S Dent 1986;28.
                Nahmias Y, Aurelio JA, Gerstein H.  An in vitro model for evaluation of electronic root canal length measuring devices.  J Endodon 1987; 13(5):209-214
                Forsberg J. A comparison of the paralleling and bisecting-angle radiograhic techniques in endodontics. Int Endod J 1987;20(4):177 - 182.                                                                                                                                                                               Fouad AF, Krell KV. An in vitro comparison of five root canal length measuring instruments. J  Endodon 1989;15(12):573 - 577.
                Kaufman AY, Szajkis S. The efficiency and realiability of the dentometer for detecting root canal length. Oral Surg 1989;67(5):573-577.
                McDonald NJ, Hovland EJ. An evaluation of the apex locator endocater. J      Endodon 1990;16(1):5 - 8.
                Stein TJ, Corcoran JF. Nonionizing method of locating the apical constriction (minor foramen) in root canals. Oral Surg 1991;71:96-99.
                Ricard O, Roux D, Bourdeau L, Woda A.  Clinical evaluation of the accuracy of the evident mark II apex locator.  J Endodon 1991;17:567-569
                Kaufman AY, Fuss Z, Keila S, Waxenberg S. Reliability of different electronic apex locators to detect root perforationsin vitro.  Int Endodon J 1997;30:403-407
                Lauper R, Lutz F, Barbakow F. An in vivo comparison of gradient and absolute impedance electronic apex locators. J Endodon 1996;22:260-263
                Czerw RJ, Fulkerson MS, Donnelly JC, Walmann JO. In vitro evaluation of the accuracy of several electronic apex locators. J  Endodon 1995;21:572-575
                Huang L. An experimental study of the principle of electronic root canal                       measurement. J  Endodon 1987;13(2):60 - 64.
                Hembrough JH, Weine FS, Pisano JV, Eskoz N.  Accuracy of an electonic apex locator: a clinical evaluation in maxillary molars.  J Endodon 1993;19:242-246
                Pagavino G, Pace R, Baccetti T.  A sem study of in vivo accuracy of the Root ZX electronic apex locator.  J Endodon 1998;24:438-441
                Ong EY, Pitt Ford TR. Comparison of radiovisiography with radiographic film in root length determination. Int Endod J 1995;28:25-29
    De Moor RJG, Hommez GMG, Martens LC, De Boever JG.  Accuracy of four electronic apex locators: an in vitro evaluation.  Endodon Dent Traumatol 1999;15:77-82
                Martinez-Lozano MA, Forner-Navarro L, Sanchez-Cortez JL, Llena-puy C.  Methodological considerations in the determination of working length.  Int Endod J 2001;34:371-376
    Gutmann JL, Leonard JE.  Problem solving in endodontic working-length        determination.  Compend 1995;16:288-302
    Pallares A, and Faus V.  An invivo comparitive study of two apex locators.  J Endodon  1994;20:576-579
                Berman LH, Fleischman SB. Evaluation of the accuracy of the neosono-D                  electronic apex locator. J Endodon 1984;10(4):164 - 167.

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