1990  
            Harn SD, Durham TM. Incidence of lingual nerve trauma and post injection complications in conventional mandibular block anesthesia. JADA 121:519-523. 1990.
           
            Donkor P, Wong J, Punnia-Moorthy A. An evaluation of the closed mouth mandibular block technique. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 19:216-219.1990.        

            Haas D, Harper D, Saso M, Young E. Comparison of articaine and prilocaine anesthesia by infiltration in maxillary and mandibular arches. Anesth Prog 37:230. 1990.
           
1991
            Hinkley S, Reader A, Beck M, Meyers W. An evaluation of 4% prilocaine  with 1:200,000 epinephrine and 2% Mepivacaine with 1:20,000 levonordefrin compared with 2% lidocaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine for inferior alveolar nerve block. Anesth Prog 38:84. 1991.

1992
            Sisk AL. Vasoconstrictors in local anesthesia for dentistry. Anesth Prog 39:187-193. 1992.

1993
            Meechan JG, Blair GS. The effect of two different local anesthetic solutions on pain experience following apicectomy. Brit Dent J 175:410-413. 1993.

            Cohen HP, Cha BY, Spangberg LSW. Endodontic anesthesia in mandibular molars: a clinical study. J Endodon 19:370-373. 1993.

1995
            Bacsik CJ, Swift JQ, Hargreaves KM. Toxic systemic reactions of bupivicaine and etidocaine. Oral Surg 79:18-23. 1995.

            Brogan GX, Giarrusso E, Hollander JE, Cassara G, Maranga MC, Thode HC. Comparison of plain, warmed and buffered lidocaine for anesthesia of
            traumatic wounds. Ann Emerg Med 26:121-125. 1995. 
1996
            Childers M, Reader A, Nist R, Beck M, Meyers WJ. Anesthetic efficacy of the periodontal ligament injection after an inferior alveolar nerve block. J Endodon 22:317-320. 1996. 

            Dunbar D, Reader A, Nist R, Beck M, Meyers WJ. Anesthetic efficacy of the intraosseous injection after an inferior alveolar nerve block. J Endodon 22:481-486. 1996.    

1997
            VanGheleuwe J and Walton R. Intrapulpal injection - factors related to              effectiveness. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 83:38. 1997.

            Replogle K, Reader A, Nist R, Beck M, Weaver J, Meyers WJ.  Anesthetic efficacy of the intraosseous  injection of 2% lidocaine(1:100,000 epinephrine) and 3% mepivacaine in mandibular first molars. Oral Surg 83:30-37. 1997.

            Reisman D, Reader A, Nist R, Beck M, Weaver J. Anesthetic efficacy of the supplemental intraosseous injection of 3% Mepivacaine in irreversible pulpitis. Oral Surg 84:676-682. 1997.
           
1998
            Nusstein J, Reader A, Nist R, Beck M, WeaverJ. Anesthetic efficacy of the     supplemental intraosseous injection of 2% lidocaine with 1:100,000                            epinephrine in irreversible pulpitis. J Endodon 24:487. 1998.

2003
            Gallatin, J.; Reader, A.; Nusstein, J.; Beck, M.; Weaver, J. A comparison of two intraosseous anesthyetic techniques in mandibular posterior teeth. JADA 134:1476. 2003.
           
2004
            Claffey E Reader A Nusstein J Beck M Weaver J. Anesthetic efficacy of Articaine for inferior alveolar nerve blocks in patients with irreversible pulpitis. J Endod 30:568. August, 2004.

            Meit, S.S.; Yasek, V.; Shannon, K.; Hickman, D.; Williams, D. Techniques for reducing anesthetic injection pain.  An interdisciplinary survey of knowledge and application. JADA135:1243. 2004.

OPTIONAL
Byers M, Taylor P, Khayat B, Kimberly C. Effects of injury and inflammation on pulpal and periapical nerves. J Endodon 16:78. 1990.

Gray R, Lomax A, Rood J. Periodontal ligament injection: Alternative solutions. Anesth Prog 37:293. 1990.

*  Roahen J and Marshall J. The effects of periodontal ligament injection on                    pulpal and periodontal tissues. J Endodon 16:28. 1990.

Plamondon T, Walton R, Graham G, Houston G, Snell G. Pulp response to the combined effects of cavity preparation and periodontal ligament injection. Operative Dent 15:86. 1990.

Chaney M, Kerby R, Reader A, Beck M, Meyers W, Weaver J. An evaluation of lidocaine hydrocarbonate compared with lidocaine hydrochloride for inferior alveolar nerve block. Anesth Prog 38:212. 1991.

Gerschman J and Giebartowski J. Effect of electronic dental anesthesia on pain threshold  and pain tolerance levels of human teeth subjected to stimulation with an electric pulp tester. Anesth Prog 38:45. 1991.

Hersh EV, Maniar M, Green M, Cooper SA. Anesthetic activity of the lipospheres bupivicaine delivery system in the rat. Anesth Prog 39:197-200. 1992.
           
Nist R, Reader A, Beck M, Meyers W. An evaluation of the incisive nerve block and combination inferior alveolar and incisive nerve blocks in mandibular anesthesia. J Endodon 18:455. 1992.

Pertot W and Dejou J. Bone and root resorption. Effects of the force developed during periodontal ligament injections in dogs. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 74:357. 1992.

McClean C, Reader A, Beck M, Meyers W. An evaluation of 4%m prilocaine and 3% mepivacaine compared with 2% lidocaine (1:100,000 epinephrine) for inferior alveolar nerve block. J Endodon 19:146.1993.

Torabinejad M, Peters D, Peckham N, Rentchler L, Richardson J. Electron     micro-scopic changes in human pulps after intraligamental injection. Oral               Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 76:219. 1993.

Kaufman E, Solomon V, Peltz R. Pulpal anesthesia efficacy of four lidocaine solutions injected with an intraligamentary  syringe. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 78:17. 1994.

Roda RS, Blanton PL. The anatomy of local anesthesia. Quint Int 25:27-38. 1994.

Odor TM, Pitt Ford TR, McDonald F. Adrenaline in local anesthesia: the effect of concentration on dental pulpal circulation and anesthesia. Endod Dent Traumatol 10:167-173. 1994.

Odor TM, Pitt Ford TR, McDonald F. Effect of inferior alveolar nerve block anesthesia on the lower teeth. Endod Dent Traumatol 10:144-148. 1994.

*  Leonard MS. The efficacy of an intraosseous injection system of delivering     local anesthetic. J Amer Dent Assoc 126:81-86. 1995.

Certosimo A and Archer R. A clinical evaluation of the electric pulp tester as an indicator of local anesthesia. Oper Dent 21:25.1996.

Coggins R, Reader A, Nist R, Beck M, Meyers WJ. Anesthetic efficacy of the intraosseous injection in maxillary and mandibular teeth. Oral Surg 81:634-641. 1996.

Jurvic R, Milgrom P, Karl HW, Weinstein P, Coldwell SE, Kharasch ED, Mautz D, Domoto P. Plasma levels of 2% lidocaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine with young children undergoing dental procedures. Anesth Prog 45:87. 1998.

Jofre’ J and Munzenmayer C. Design and preliminary evaluation of an extra oral  Gow-Gates guiding device. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 85:661. 1998.

Uckan S, Guler N, Sumer M, Ungor M. Local anesthetic efficacy for oral surgery. Comparison of diphenhydramine and prilocaine. Oral Surg oral Med Oral Pathol 86:26. 1998.
           
Afsar A, Haas DA, Rossouw PE, Woods RE. Radiographic localization of mandibular anesthesia landmarks. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 86:234. 1998.

Leonard MS. The anatomy of the intraosseous injection. Dent Today 17:87. 1998.

Hawkins JM and Isen D. Maxillary nerve block: the pterygopalatine canal approach. Calif Dent Assoc J 26:658. 1998.

Quinn C. Injection techniques to anesthetize the difficult tooth. Cal Dent Assoc J 26:665. 1998.

Pallasch TJ. Vasoconstrictors and the heart. Calif Dent Assoc J 26:668. 1998.

Haas DA. Localized complications from local anesthesia. Calif Dent Assoc J 26:677. 1998.

Chen AH. Toxicity and allergy to local anesthesia. Calif Dent Assoc J 26:683. 1998.

Reitz JR, Reader A, Nist R, Beck M, Myers WJ. Anesthetic efficacy of the interosseous injection of 0.9 ml of 2% lidocaine (1:100,00 epinephrine) to augment an inferior alveolar nerve block. OOOO & E 86:516. November, 1998.

Parente SA, Anderson RW, Herman WW, Kimbrough WF, Weller RN. Anesthetic efficacy of the supplemental intraosseous injection for teeth with irreversible pulpitis. J Endodon 24:826. 1998.

Reitz J, Reader A, Nist R, Beck M, Meyers WJ. Anesthetic efficacy of a repeated intraosseous injection given 30 min following an inferior alveloar nerve block/intraosseous injection. Anesth Prog 45:143. 1998.

Jerkjend L, Odont l, Skoglund LA. Infiltrated lidocaine 2% with epinephrine 1:80,000 causes more postoperative pain than lidocaine 2% after oral soft tissue         surgery. Anesth Prog 46:71. 1999.

Clark S, Reader A, Beck M, Meyers WJ. Anesthetic efficacy of the mylohyoid nerve block and combination inferior alveolar nerve block/mylohyoid nerve block. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 87:557. 1999.

Yagiela JA. Adverse drug interactions in dental practice: interactions               associated with vasoconstrictors. J Am Dent Assoc 130:701. 1999.
Cuny EJ, Fredekind R, Budenz AW. Safety needles new requirements of OSHA bloodborne pathogens rule. Calif Dent Assoc J 27:525. 1999.

Progel MA and Thamby S. The etiology of altered sensation in the inferior alveolar, lingual and mental nerves as a result of dental treatment. Calif Dent Assoc J 27:531. 1999.

Brown R. Intraosseous anesthesia a review. Calif Dent Assoc J 27:785. 1999.

Replogle K, Reader A, Nist R, Beck M, Weaver J, Meyers WJ. Cardiovascular effects of intraosseous injections of 2% lidocaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine and 3% mepivacaine. J Am Dent Assoc 130:649. 1999.

Guglielmo A, Reader A, Nist R, Beck M, Weaver J. Anesthetic efficacy and heart rate effects of the supplemental intraosseous injection of 2% Mepivacaine with 1:20,000 levonordefrin. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 87:284. 1999.

Gallatin E, Stabile P, Reader A, Nist R, Beck M. Anesthetic efficacy and heart rate effects of the intraosseous injection of 3% Mepivacaine after inferior alveolar nerve block. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 89:83. 2000.
           
Stabile P, Reader A, Gallatin E, Beck M, Weaver J. Anesthetic efficacy and heart rate effects of the intraosseous injection of 1.5% etidocaine (1:200,000 epinephrine) after an inferior alveolar block. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 89:40). 2000.

Saloun FS, Baumgartner JC, Marshall G, Tinkle J. A clinical comparison of pain perception to the Wand and a traditional syringe. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 89:691. 2000.
           
Goodell GC, Gallagher FJ, Nicoll BK. Comparison of a controlled injection pressure system with a conventional technique. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 90:88. 2000.

Malamed SF, Gagnon S, Leblanc D. Efficacy of articaine: A new amide local anesthetic. JADA 131:635. May, 2000.

Malamed SF, Gagnon S, Leblanc D. Articaine hydrochloride: a study of the safety of a new amide local anesthetic. JADA 132:177. February, 2001.

Nicholson JW Berry TG Summitt JB Yuan CH Witten. Pain perception and utility : A comparison of the syringe  and computerized local injection technique. Gen Dent 167. March/April 2001.

Nettis E Napoli G Ferrannini A Tursi A. The incremental challenge test in the diagnosis of adverse reactions to local anesthetics. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Path 91:402. April, 2001.

Kennedy M, Reader A, Beck M, Weaver J. Anesthetic efficacy of ropivacaine in maxillary anterior infiltration. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 91:406. April, 2001.

Fernieini EM Bennett JD Silverman DG Halaszynnski TM. Hemodynamic  assessment of local anesthetic administration by laser doppler flowmetry. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Path 91:526. May, 2001.

Shepherd PA, Eleazer PD, Clark SJ, Scheetz JP. Measurement of intraosseous pressures generated by the Wand, high pressure periodontal ligament syringe, and the Stabident system. J Endod 27:381. June, 2001.

Ramlee RAM & Whitworth J. Dimensions of Stabident intraosseous perfortators and needles. J Endod 27:581. September, 2001.

Moiseiwitsch J & Irvine T. Clinical significance of the length of the ptergopalatine fissure in dental anesthesia. Oral surg Oral Med Oral Path 92:325. September, 2001.

Hargreaves KM, Keiser K. Local anesthetic failure in Endodontics: mechanism and management. Endo Topics 1:26. 2002.

Meechan JG & Ledvinka JIM. Pulpal anaesthesia for mandibular central incisor teeth: a comparison of infiltration and interligamentary injections. Int Endod J 35:629. 2002.

Meechan JG. Supplementary routes to local anesthesia. Int Endod J 35:885. 2002.

Fukayama H Nagaaki S Umino M. Comparison of topical anesthetic of 20% benzocaine and 60% lidocaine gel. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Path 94:157. 2002.

Reader A & Nusstein J. Local Anesthesia for endodontic pain. Endo Topics 3:14. 2002.

Kennedy S Reader A Nusstein J Beck M Weaver J. The significance of needle deflection in success of the inferior alveolar nerve block in patients with irreversible pulpitis. J Endod 29:630. October, 2003.

Nusstein J Kennedy S Reader A Beck M Weaver J. Anesthetic efficacy of the supplemental X-tip intraosseous injection in patients with irreversible pulpitis. J Endod. 29:724 November, 2003.

Nusstein, J.; Burns, Y.; Reader, A.; Beck, M.; Weaver, J. Injection pain and postinjection pain of the palatal-anterior superior alveolar injection, administered with the Wand Plus® system, comparing 2% lidocaine with 1:1000,000 epinephrine to 3% mepivacaine. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 97:164. 2004.

Burns, Y.; Reader, A.; Nusstein, J.; Beck, M.; Weaver, J. Anesthetic efficacy of the palatel--anterior superior alveolar injection. JADA135:1269. 2004.

.           Nusstein, J.; Lee, S.; Reader, A.; Weaver, J. Injection pain and postinjection pain of the anterior middle superior alveolar injection administered with the Wand® or conventional syringe.Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 98:124. 2004.

Mikesell, P.; Nusstein, J; Reader, A; Beck, M.; Weaver, J A comparison of articaine and lidocaine for inferior alveolar nerve blocks. J Endodon 31(4):265. 2005.

Wood, M.; Reader, A.; Nusstein, J.; Beck, M.; Padgett, D.; Weaver, J. Comparison of intraosseous and infiltration injections for venous lidocaine blood concentrations and heart rate changes after injection of 2% lidocaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine J Endodon 31(6):435. 2005.

Fernandez, C.; Reader, A; Beck, M.; Nusstein, J. A prospective, randomized, double-blind comparison of bupivacaine and lidocaine for inferior alveolar nerve blocks
J Endodon 31(7):499. 2005.

Locher-Claus, M.T.; Erickson, T.E.; Law, A.S.; Johnson, W.T.; Gebhart, G.F. Effects of pre-emptive morphine, ibuprofen or local anesthetic on fos expression in the spinal trigeminal nucleus following tooth pulp exposure in the rat. J Endodon 31(8):578. 2005.

Costa, C.G.; Tortamano, I.P.; Rocha, R.G.; Francischone, C.E.; Tortamano, N. Onset and duration periods of articaine and lidocaine on maxillary infiltration. Quintessence Int 36(3):197. 2005.

Berlin, J.A.; Nusstein, J.; Reader, A.; Beck, M.; Weaver, J. Efficacy of articaine and lidocaine in a promary intraligamentary injection administered with a computer-controlled local anesthetic delivery system. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 99:361. 2005.

Whitworth, J.M.; Ramlee, R.A.M.; Meechan, J.G. Pressures generated in vitro during Stabident intraosseous injections. Int Endod J 38:291. 2005.

Oztas, N.; Ulusu, T.; Bodur, H.; Dogan, C. The Wand in pulp therapy: An alternative to inferior alveolar nerve block. Quintessence Int 36:559. 2005.

Park, C.J.; Park, S.A.; Yoon, T.G.; Lee, S.J.; Yum, K.W.; Kim, H.J.
Bupivacaine induces apoptosis via ROS in the Schwann cell line. J Dent Res 84:852. 2005.

Kanaa, M.D.; Whitworth, J.M.; Corbett, I.P.; Meechan, J.G.
Articaine and lidocaine mandibular buccal inflitration anesthesia: A prospective randomized double-blind cross-over study. J Endodon 32(4):296. 2006.