OBJECTIVES:

After this section the resident should be able to discuss and or describe (withthe appropriate citation of the literature):

• The etiology and pathogenisis of vertical root fractures
• The etiology and pathogenisis of crown fractures
• The signs and symptoms (and frequency of each) of vertical root fractures and crown fractures
• Treatment modes and rationales for vertical root fractures and crown fractures

Meister FJ, Gerstein H. Diagnosis and possible causes of vertical root Ab     fractures. Oral Surg 1980;49(3):243-253.

            Harvey TE, White JT, Leeb IJ. Lateral condensation stress in root canals.                   J Endodon 1981;7(4):151 - 155.

            Pitts DL, Matheny HE, Nicholls JI. An in vitro study of spreader loads required to cause vertical root fracture during lateral condensation. J Endodon 1983;9(12):544 - 550.

            Pitts DL, Natkin E. Diagnosis and treatment of vertical root fractures. J
            Endodon 1983;9(8):338 - 346.

            Walton RE, Michelich RJ, Smith GN. The histopathogenesis of vertical root fractures. J Endodon 1984;10(2):48 - 56.

            Cavel WT. An in vivo study of cuspal fracture. J Pros Dent 1985;53:38.

            Eakle WS, Maxwell EH, Braly BV. Fractures of posterior teeth in adults. JADA 1986;112:215.

            Gher ME, Dunlap RM, Anderson MH, Kuhl LV.  Clinical survey of fractured teeth. J Am Dent Assoc 1987;114:174-177

            Tamse A.  Iatrogenic vertical root fractures in endodontically treated teeth.       Endod Dent Traumatol.  1988;4:190-196.

            Lindauer PA, Campbell AD, Hicks ML, Pelleu GB. Vertical root fractures in    curved roots under simulated clinical conditions. J Endodon                                       1989;15(8):345 - 349.

            Hansen EK, Asmussen E, Christiansen NC.  In vivo fractures of endodontically treated posterior teeth restored with amalgam.  Endod Dent Traumatol1990;6:49-55

            Sedgley CM, Messer HH.  Are endodontically treated teeth more brittle?  J     Endodon 1992;18:332-335

            Onnink PA, Davis RD, Wayman BE.  An in vitro comparison of incomplete root fractures associated with three obturation techniques.  J Endodon 1994;20:32-37

            Papa J, Cain C, Messer HH.  Moisture content of vital vs endodontically treated teeth.  Endod Dent Traumatol 1994;10:91-93

            Saw LH, Messer HH.  Root strains associated with different obturation                        techniques.  J Endodon 1995;21:314-320

            Selden HS. Repair of incomplete vertical root fractures in endodontically                     treated teeth - In vivo trials. J Endodon 1996;22:426-429

            Arakawa S, Cobb CM, Rapley JW, Killoy WJ, Spencer P. Treatment of root fracture by CO2 and Nd:YAG lasers: An in vitro study. J Endodon 1996;22:662-        667

            Lustig JP, Tamse A, Fuss Z.  Pattern of bone resorption in vertically fractured teeth.  Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2000;90:224-227

            Lertchirakarn V, Palamara JEA, Messer HH.  Patterns of vertical root fracture: Factors affecting stress distribution in the root canal.  J Endod 2003;29:523-528

            Lertchirakarn V, Palamara JEA, Messer HH.  Finite element analysis and strain-gauge studies of vertical roo fracture.  J Endod 2003;29:529-534

            Wright HM, Loushine RJ, Weller RN, Kimbrough WF, Waller J, Pashley DH.  Identification of resected root-end dentinal cracks: a comparative study of transillumination and dyes.  J Endod 2004:30:712-715

            Cohen S, Berman LH, Blanco L, Bakland, Kim JS.  A demographic analysis of vertical root fractures.  J Endod 2006;32:1160-1163

            Tamse A, Kaffe, Lustig, Ganor Y, Fuss Z.  Radiographic features of vertically fractured endodontically treated mesial roots of mandibular molars.  Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol  2006;101:797-802

            Roh BD, Lee YE.  Analysis of 154 cases of teeth with cracks.  Denta Trauma 2006;22:118-123

Optional
Steele A, Johnson BR.  In vitro fracture strength of endodontically treated                    premolars.  J Endodon 1999;25:6-8
Davis R, Overton JD.  Efficacy of bonded and nonbonded amalgam in the treatment of teeth with incomplete fractures. J Amer Deant Assoc.  2000;131:469-478
Nicopoulou-Karayianni K, Bragger U, Lang NP  Patterns of periodontal                       destruction associated with incomplete root fractures.  Dentomax Radiol                1997;26:321-326     
            Ritchey B, Mendenhall R. Pulpitis resulting from incomplete tooth  fracture. Oral Surg 1957;10:665.
            Cameron CE. Cracked tooth syndrome. JADA 1964;68:405.
            Lehman ML.  Tensile strength of human dentin.  J Dent Res  1967;46:197-201.
            Degering CI. Radiography of dental fractures.  An experimental evaluation. Oral Surg 1970;30:213.
            Standlee JP. Dentinal defects caused by some twist drills and retentive pins. J Pros Dent 1970;24:285.
            Hiatt WH. Incomplete crown-root fracture in pulpal-periodontal disease. J                    Periodontol 1973;44(6):369 - 379.
            Rasmussen ST, Patchin RE, Scott DB, Heuer AH.  Fracture properties of human enamel and dentin.  J Dent Res 1976;55:154-164.
            Cameron CE. The cracked tooth: Additional findings. JADA 1976;93:971.
            Silvestri AR. The undiagnosed split-root syndrome. J Am Dent Ass 1976;92:930.
            Polson AM. Periodontal destruction associated with vertical root fracture. J    Periodontol 1977;49(1):27 - 32.
            Lommel TJ, Meister FJ, Gerstein H, Davies EE, Tilk MA. Alveolar bone loss associated with vertical root fractures. Oral Surg 1978;45(6):909-919.
            Silvestri AR Jr. Treatment rationale of fractured posterior teeth. JADA                         1978;97:806.
            Ross IF. Fracture susceptibility of endodontically treated teeth. J                                  Endodon 1980;6(5):560 - 565.
Meister F Jr., Lommel TJ, Gerstein H, Bell WA. An additional clinical observation      in two cases of vertical root fracture. Oral Surg 1981;52(1):91-96.
            Lin LM, Langeland K. Vertical root fracture. J  Endodon 1982;8(12):558 - 562.
            Abou-Rass M. Crack lines: The precursors of tooth fractures - their diagnosis and treatment. Quint Int 1983;4:437.
            Luebke RG. Vertical crown-root fractures in posterior teeth. Dent Clin N Am 1984;28:883.
            Oliet S. Treating vertical root fractures. J Endodon 1984;10(8):391 - 396.
            Stewart GG. The detection and treatment of vertical root fractures. J Endodon 1988;14(1):47 - 53.
            Barkhordar RA, Kempler D, Knapp J.  Mesiodistal root fracture.  Oral Surg     1988;65:343-348. 
            Schweitzer JL, Gutmann JL, Bliss RQ. Odontiatrogenic tooth fracture. Int Endod J 1989;2(March):64 - 74.
            Morfis AS. Vertical root fractures. Oral Surg 1990;69(5):631-635.
Howe CA, Mckendry DJ. Effect of endodontic access preparation on            resistance to crown-root fracture. JADA 1990;121:712.
            Murgel CAF, Walton RE.  Vertical root fracture and dentin deformation in curved roots: the influence of spreader design.  Endod Dent Traumatol 1990; 6:273-  278.
            Obermayr G, Walton RE, Leary JM, Krell KV.  Vertical root fracture and relative deformation during obturation and post cementation.  J Prosthet Dent 1991;66:181-187.
            Yang SF, Rivera EM, Walton RE. Vertical root fracture in nonendodontically treated teeth. J Endodon 1995;21:337-339
            Ricks-Williamson LJ, Fotos PG, Goel VK, Spivey JD, Rivera EM, Khera SC. A         three-dimensional finite-stress analysis of an endodontically prepared maxillary     central incisor. J Endodon 1995;362-367
            Testori T, Badino M, Castagnola M.  Vertical root fractures in endodontically treated teeth: a clinical survey of 36 cases.  J Endodon 1993;19:87-90.
            Rud J, Omnell KA. Root fractures due to corrosion. Scand J Dent Res                         1970;78:397.
            Helfer AR, S. M, Schilder H. Determination of the moisture content of vital and pulpless teeth. Oral Surg 1972;34:661.
            Dang DA, Walton RE. Vertical root fracture and root distortion: effect of spreader design. J  Endodon 1989;14(7):294 - 301.
`           Brynjulfsen A, Fristad I, Grevstad T, Hals-Kvinnsland I.  Incompletely fractured teeth associated with diffuse longstanding orofacial pain:diagnosis and treatment outcome.  Int Endod J 2002;35:461-466
Altshul JH, Marshall G Morgan LA, Baumgartner JC.  Comparison of dentinal crack incidence and of post removal time resulting form post removal by ultrasonic or mechanical force.  J Endodon 1997;23: 683-686
            Tamse A, Fuss Z, Lustig J, Kaplavi J.  An evaluation of endodontically treated vertically fractured teeth.  J Endodon 1999;25:506-508
            Holcomb JQ, Pitts DL, Nicholls JI. Further investigation of spreader loads required to cause vertical root fracture during lateral condensation. J Endodon 1987;13(6):277 - 284.
            Brannstrom M.  The hydrodynamic theory of dentinal pain: Sensation in preparations, caries, and the dentinal crack syndrome.  J Endod 1986;12:453-457